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      Lung Stem Cells in Development, Health and Disease 

      Neuroendocrine cells in lung development and disease

      edited_book
      , ,
      European Respiratory Society

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          Comprehensive genomic profiles of small cell lung cancer.

          We have sequenced the genomes of 110 small cell lung cancers (SCLC), one of the deadliest human cancers. In nearly all the tumours analysed we found bi-allelic inactivation of TP53 and RB1, sometimes by complex genomic rearrangements. Two tumours with wild-type RB1 had evidence of chromothripsis leading to overexpression of cyclin D1 (encoded by the CCND1 gene), revealing an alternative mechanism of Rb1 deregulation. Thus, loss of the tumour suppressors TP53 and RB1 is obligatory in SCLC. We discovered somatic genomic rearrangements of TP73 that create an oncogenic version of this gene, TP73Δex2/3. In rare cases, SCLC tumours exhibited kinase gene mutations, providing a possible therapeutic opportunity for individual patients. Finally, we observed inactivating mutations in NOTCH family genes in 25% of human SCLC. Accordingly, activation of Notch signalling in a pre-clinical SCLC mouse model strikingly reduced the number of tumours and extended the survival of the mutant mice. Furthermore, neuroendocrine gene expression was abrogated by Notch activity in SCLC cells. This first comprehensive study of somatic genome alterations in SCLC uncovers several key biological processes and identifies candidate therapeutic targets in this highly lethal form of cancer.
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            A revised airway epithelial hierarchy includes CFTR-expressing ionocytes

            We combine single-cell RNA-seq and in vivo lineage tracing to study the cellular composition and hierarchy of the murine tracheal epithelium. We identify a new rare cell type, the FoxI1-positive pulmonary ionocyte; functional variations in club cells based on their proximodistal location; a distinct cell type that resides in high turnover squamous epithelial structures that we named “hillocks”; and disease-relevant subsets of tuft and goblet cells. With a new method, Pulse-Seq, we show that tuft, neuroendocrine, and ionocyte cells are continually and directly replenished by basal progenitor cells. Remarkably, the cystic fibrosis gene, CFTR, is predominantly expressed in the pulmonary ionocytes of both mouse and human. Foxi1 loss in murine ionocytes causes a loss of Cftr expression and disrupts airway fluid and mucus physiology, which are also altered in cystic fibrosis. By associating cell type-specific expression programs with key disease genes, we establish a new cellular narrative for airways disease.
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              ASCL1 and NEUROD1 Reveal Heterogeneity in Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumors and Regulate Distinct Genetic Programs

              Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a high-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor. The transcription factors ASCL1 and NEUROD1 play crucial roles in promoting malignant behavior and survival of human SCLC cell lines. We find ASCL1 and NEUROD1 identify heterogeneity in SCLC, bind distinct genomic loci, and regulate mostly distinct genes. ASCL1 but not NEUROD1 is present in mouse pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and only ASCL1 is required in vivo for tumor formation in mouse models of SCLC. ASCL1 targets oncogenic genes including MYCL1 , RET , SOX2 , and NFIB , while NEUROD1 targets MYC . ASCL1 and NEUROD1 regulate different genes that commonly contribute to neuronal function. ASCL1 also regulates multiple genes in the NOTCH pathway including DLL3 . Together, ASCL1 and NEUROD1 distinguish heterogeneity in SCLC with distinct genomic landscapes and distinct gene expression programs.
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                Author and book information

                Book Chapter
                April 2021
                : 44-55
                10.1183/2312508X.10025020
                09193639-fabe-4897-9d78-b35a2abc7a8e
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