African Journal of Engineering & Technology (AJET)

ISSN: 2744-5151

African Journal of Engineering & Technology (AJET) is an open-access, peer-reviewed, and multidisciplinary journal that aims to serve as a platform for researchers, professionals, and policy-makers from a variety of backgrounds to discuss and disseminate applied research in engineering and technology that addresses Africa’s sustainable development. Contributions published in the Journal address Africa’s development through sustainable engineering and technology and present solutions based on critical reviews, case studies, and qualitative and quantitative research. AJET aims to be a platform for research highlighting pathways for Africa's development in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda2063.

The Journal recognizes the importance of a multidisciplinary (and sometimes even cross-disciplinary) approach when tackling Africa’s complex challenges such as poverty, climate change, energy access, water resources management, energy-water-food nexus, and the urban environment and hence welcomes submissions in a broad domain of areas which include:

• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering
• Information Engineering and Technology
• Mechanical, textile, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
• Material, Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering
• Civil and Architecture Engineering
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering
• Environmental Engineering
• Petroleum, geological and Mining Engineering
• Agriculture, Environment and Marine engineering
• Food Science and Engineering
• Aerospace Engineering
• Engineering Mathematics & Physics
• Nano-System & nanotechnology  
• Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Engineering
• Textile Engineering
• Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
• Engineering management

AJET's Editor-in-Chief is Prof. Abdalbasit Adam Mariod, Professor of Food Science and Technology at the University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and founder of Ghibaish College of Science & Technology, Ghibaish, Sudan. See his full profile here.

AJET is published by the Sudanese Researchers Foundation, which is Sudan's leading NGO in scientific research and development. AJET ISSN is registered with the National Library of New Zealand. 

AJET is currently indexed in:

• Google Scholar
• ScienceOpen

All published articles are assigned a unique DOI and are automatically deposited to Crossref and also to the authors' ORCID accounts. AJET's articles are also archived with CLOCKSS.

Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Abdalbasit Adam Mariod,

Professor of Food Science and Technology at the University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Founder of Ghibaish College of Science & Technology, Ghibaish, Sudan

Prof. Mariod is a world renowned expert in food science and technology and an experienced researcher and faculty member. Mariod was classified among the top 2% global highly-cited researchers published in PLOS Biology by Stanford University in 2019. Dr. Mariod's fields of research are: Oil & Fat new sources, Oil & Fat processing technologies, Oil stability, Functional foods and nutraceuticals, Bioactive compounds identification and application, Natural antioxidants activity, Food product development, wild fruits and insects as new food sources. Dr. Mariod is a full member of numerous scientific societies such as the American Oil Chemist Society AOCS, European Federation for Lipid Science & Technology EUROFEDLIPID, Sudanese Natural Products Society SNPS, German Alumni Forestry Network GAForN, and Sudan Academy of Science SAS. He serves as an Editorial board member of more than 9 international Journals, has published more than 212 articles in peer reviewd journals, edited three books for Elsevier and four books for Springer, and four other books for local and regional publishers in Arabic. Mariod worked as Head Research Unit and Innovation, College of Science and Arts-Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia March 2015 -2019, Deputy Dean of Deanship of Scientific Research, Sudan University of Science & Technology since March 2012, Deputy Dean of College of Graduate Studies & Scientific Research, Sudan University of Science & Technology March 2011 to March 2012, and Staff member of Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia 2008-2010. He was also a member of the publicity committee and member of editorial board of Bioscientist and Institute of Bioscience journals 2008-2010

Email: editor@sresearchers.org 

Associate Editors

• Dr. Anwar Dafa-Alla, founder and chairperson
  The Sudanese Researchers Foundation, Sudan
• Dr. Mohamed Alhaj, Independent Researcher
  The Sudanese Researchers Foundation, Sudan
  Clean Energy 4 Africa
• Prof. Suad Badri, Independent Researcher
  McMaster University, Canada
• Dr. Ahmed Hamza Osman, Associate Professor
  King Abduaziz University, Saudi Arabia
• Dr. Amir Mohamed Talib, Assistant Professor
  Alimam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia
• Dr. Maram Ali Ahmed, Assistant Professor
  Department of Basic Sciences, National Ribat University, Sudan
• Dr. Isah Yakub Mohammed, Lecturer
  Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria
• Mohammed Salih Mohammed Gismalla, Post Doctorate Researcher in Communication Engineering
  School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

• Dr. Aida Nitsch, Data Science Consultant
  T&S. Schiltigheim, France

• Dr. Abdurazak Aman Ketebo, PhD candidate, Mechanical Engineering
  Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea

• Dr. MOHAMED AWAD MOHAMED FAGIER, Associate professor

• PhD in Chemistry University of Blue Nile, El-Dmazin- Sudan

• Dafalla Siddig Dafalla Wadi, Assistant professor
  PhD in Engineering Geology, University of Bahri, Khartoum –Sudan.

• Haroon Elrasheid Osman Jebreel Tahir, Associate Professor
  PhD in  Food Science & Technology Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang,China

• MOHAMED ABD ELGADIR MOHAMED SAEED, Associate Professor
   PhD in Food Science and Technology, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

Editorial Board members

• Prof. Yousif Abakr, Professor of Renewable Energy
  The University of Nottingham (Malaysia Campus), Malaysia
• Dr. Hazir Farouk, Associate professor
  Sudan University of Science & Technology, Sudan
• Dr. Priyadarshini .A. Pattanaik, Research Scientist
  Image and Information Processing Department, IMD Atlantique, France
• Prof. Abdelrahman Shuaib, Professor of Practice Mechanical Engineering
  School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, U.S.A
• Prof. Eng Hwa Yap, Professor, and Dean
  School of Intelligent Manufacturing Ecosystem and School of Robotics, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
• Dr. Sami Al-Ghamdi, Assistant professor
  College of Science & Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar
• Dr. Amir Abdallah, Scientist
  Qatar Environment & Energy Research Institute, Qatar
• Dr. Aamir Dean, Visiting professor
  Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
• Dr. Mohammed Abedalwafa, Assistant Professor
  Faculty of Industries Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Sudan
• Dr. Elwathig. A.M. Hassan, Assistant Professor
  Faculty of Industries Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Sudan
• Dr. Abdelrahman Karrar, Associate Professor
  University of Tennessee, U.S.A
• Dr. Abdalla Alameen, Associate Professor
  Computer Science Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Saudi Arabia 
• Dr. Moawia Elfaki Yahia Eldow, Visiting Professor of Computer Sciences
  Oklahoma University, USA 
• Dr. Mysara Eissa Mohyaldinn, Senior Lecturer
  Faculty of Geoscience and Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia
• Dr. Eliasu Mumuni, Lecturer

• Department of Communication, Innovation, and Technology, University for Development Studies, Ghana

• Dr. Mohammed Bawa, Associate Professor
  Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria

• Dr. Babiker Ali, Assistant Professor
  College of the North Atlantic, Qatar

• Dr. Ahmed Abdelaziz
  Founder of the (Open Network Digital Transformation) ONDT Company at Sharjah Research Technology and Innovation Park in UAE

• Dr. Elmahadi Ahmed Haroin Abdelbagi
  Associate Professor at Arab Academy of Science and Technology, UAE. email:mahdikotsh@gmail.com

• Professor Dr Tarig Mohyeldin Elzaki ,

  Department of mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Al-Kamil,  University of Jeddah, KSA

  E-mail:    Tfarah@uj.edu.sa    

• Prof. Hasan Avezov, Professor of Chemical Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Bukhara State University, Uzbekistan, 

  Email: avezov_65@mail.ru

• Dr. Feruza Nurutdinova, Dr. of Chemical Sciences:Bukhara State University, Department of Natural Sciences

  ,Bukhara, Uzbekistan. email: parviz.feruza83@mail.ru

Join our Editorial Board!

We are recruiting editorial board members and associate editors in all areas of engineering and technology. To apply, kindly send your CV and list of publications to the Editor-in-Chief, Prof. AbdalBasit Mariod: editor@sresearchers.org 

How to prepare your manuscript

Authors are required to read the journal’s scope and ensure that submitted manuscripts are aligned with the journal’s objectives and broad readership. At the initial submission stage, AJET doesn’t require authors to format their manuscript according to a specific template. Upon acceptance of the manuscript, the authors shall format the manuscript according the journal’s template, which can be downloaded here. When formatting your article based on the template, please do not edit the header and footer, as this will be done by the editorial office. AJET accepts two types of articles: original research articles (5000 words max.) and review articles (7000 words max.).

The following is a checklist of items to be completed during the manuscript preparation phase:

• Abstract (up to 250 words).
• Keywords (up to 5 keywords). Authors are highly encouraged to mention the relevant SDGs (sustainable development goals) as keywords, where applicable. 
• Main body of the text (e.g. introduction, background, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions). Authors can choose their own heading titles.
• A list of abbreviations at the end of the manuscript. Abbreviations should be defined in text when first used.
• Funding and Acknowledgement statements – All sources of funding for the research reported should be declared.
• Supporting information: such as datasets, software codes, or any other supplementary information that helps the reader understand the manuscript better. Once the manuscript has been accepted, the authors shall upload any supporting information on a public data repository and provide the URL. The URL to the supporting information (which was already uploaded on a public data repository) can also be added at the submission stage in the designated field.
• Declarations and Conflict of Interests statement – Where there are no conflicts of interests or competing interests, authors must clearly declare this under the same heading – usually as ‘The authors declare no conflicts of interest with this work’.
• A full reference list. After acceptance, the authors must format the final manuscript according to AJET’s template.
• Optional: Name and contact email of at least 3 possible reviewers who are familiar with the topic of the paper (this should be sent to the Journal's editorial office by email at: ajet@sresearchers.org)

Please submit your manuscript as one pdf file using the online submission system.

Language

AJET only accepts manuscripts in English (US or UK). It is the responsibility of the authors to ensure that the manuscript has no language or grammar errors. Manuscripts with excessive language errors may be rejected. Authors may choose to use a professional language proofreading service. The Sudanese Researchers Foundation provides language proofreading at an additional cost. To view fees for this service, kindly refer to the APCs and Fees page.

Image permissions and copyright

Please ensure you have appropriate permissions to reuse any images or figures in the manuscript. You maybe required to provide proof for permission to reuse images by the editors or reviewers. 

How to submit your manuscript

Submit your manuscript as a single PDF file via the ‘Submit here’ button above and complete the online form – you will be asked to sign in to MyScienceOpen with your ORCID, or if you are first time user you will be asked to register your ORCID with the journal. Please ensure you have all the items in the submission checklist.

The manuscript will be sent to the editor-in-chief who will assess the suitability of the papers before it is sent out to potential reviewers. The single-blind peer-review process will take approximately 4 weeks. After that the editor-in-chief will make a decision to either: reject the paper, accept it, or request a major or minor revision.

Submitting a revised manuscript

When requested to revise, please follow and make note of the below points to improve reference to any changes for the journal Editors and reviewers:

• Please provide a summary of changes made in the cover letter and submit it as part of the revised submission files.
• Highlight any changes in the text.
• Submit a separate PDF file where you write the reviewers’ comments and your response to each one. Be specific in your response to expedite the revised manuscript review stage.

When responding to the reviewers’ comments, kindly consider the following:

• Address all points raised by the editor and reviewers.
• Outline what revisions have been made, including where applicable any further or additional analyses or experiments.
• Provide a polite objective rebuttal to any points or comments disagreed with.

Once you are ready to submit please follow these 3 steps:

• Login to MyScienceOpen.
• Navigate to your paper online and you will then see a ‘New Revision’ button under the ‘Read’ button. Click this to upload a new file in the submission form.
• Check all details are correct and upload the new revised PDF file.

Submitting a copyedited version of the manuscript

Once your manuscript has been accepted for publication by the Editor-in-Chief, you will be required ro format your manuscript in accordance with AJET format, which can be downloaded here. When preparing the copyedited version, kindly ensure the following: 

• Follow the AJET template precisely. It is the author's responsibility to correctly format their manuscript.
• Do not edit the header and footer sections. These will be handeled by the editorial office.
• Ensure all references have a doi.
• Double check language and grammar.
• Ensure you have permission to resuse any images or figures.

APCs

The article processing charges (APCs) for accepted manuscripts is $100 for all article types. The Sudanese Researchers Foundation may waive or reduce the APC on a case-by-case basis. The Sudanese Researchers Foundation also offers an optional English language proofreading service which costs $50 per article. These fee are paid directly to the Sudanese Researchers Foundation via Paypal.

For authors based in Sudan, the APC is waived. 

For instructions on payment or to request a waive/reduction of the APC, please contact the Journal’s Editorial Office at: ajet@sresearchers.org. 

Open Access Policy

AJET published open access articles under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). All submitted articles must not be under consideration for publication anywhere else, nor have been published in any form prior to submission to AJET. By submitting, authors are agreeing that the submission is original except for material in the public domain and such excerpts of other works that have written permission of the copyright owner.

Publishing agreement

After a manuscript has been accepted for publication by the Editor-in-Chief, the corresponding author will be required to sign the Publishing Agreement. 

Ethical Approvals Policy

AJET is committed to ensuring the highest standards of integrity in all aspects of its publication activities and expects that all authors submitting manuscripts to the journal to have secured all relevant ethics or institutional review board (IRB) approval for their research. Any work or research that involves collecting data from human participants must comply in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and authors must have received any and all relevant ethics or IRB approvals. A statement declaring this must be included in the article, along with the name of the ethics committee or the IRB granting approval.

Where ethics or institutional review board approval is waived, a statement declaring this must be included in the article along with the name of the ethics committee or the IRB granting waiver status. AJET reserves the right to reject the manuscript if the authors fail to submit any required information on ethical approvals for the research conducted.  

Conflict of Interests

Authors must declare any and all conflicts of interest and competing interests that may relate to the submitted article, including all financial and non-financial competing interests. This must be stated in their article after the main text and acknowledgements under the heading ‘Competing and conflicts of interests’. Where there are no conflicts of interests or competing interests, authors must clearly declare this under the same heading.

Plagiarism

Authors must ensure submitted the manuscript represents their own original work and any reference to other published works is cited appropriately. All submitted articles will be screened for plagiarism using industry-standard plagiarism detection software.

Peer-Review Policy

AJET adopts a single-blind peer-review process for all submitted manuscripts. All manuscripts will be reviewed by at least two subject matter experts. The editor-in-chief and the editorial board members may also review a submitted manuscript. As far as possible, assigned editors and invited reviewers will not possess any potential conflicts of interests to the submitted article. Authors are required to nominate at least 3 reviewers for their manuscripts, and also declare any persons who should not review their manuscripts (due to conflict of interests or any other reasons).

The Editor-in-chief may also decide to reject a review after considering any and all conflicts of interest and the reviewer will be informed of this decision. The Editor-in-chief’s decision is final.

Corrections and retractions

When corrections and retractions are necessary to maintain the integrity of published content, AJET will publish an erratum, corrigendum, addendum, and retraction articles but will not make alterations to the version of record initially published, other than to provide a URL link to the erratum, corrigendum, addendum, or retraction article.

Research and publication misconduct

In the event of any suspected allegations of publication and/or research misconduct, AJET will take appropriate action. This can result in AJET contacting the author’s institution and raising concern over the findings and can also lead to sharing article and submission information to other third parties.  

Research misconduct

In the event that research submitted to AJET is suspected of not having taken place within an appropriate ethical framework (including not acquiring appropriate ethical approvals), the Editors may reject the article and inform the author’s institution and any other third parties where applicable.

Publication misconduct

In the event of any suspected allegations of publication misconduct concerning any submission or publication, AJET will follow COPE guidelines.

Appeals and complaints

AJET will follow the COPE code of conduct when dealing with any appeals and complaints.

The Sudanese Researchers Foundation

African Journal of Engineering & Technology (AJET) is published by the Sudanese Researchers Foundation (SRF).

The Sudanese Researchers Foundation is a Sudanese, scientific, voluntary, non-governmental and non-for-profit organization, that aims to create a common platform for interaction between Sudanese learners and researchers to establish and advance the momentum of research and education in Sudan. It was founded in 2009 through the efforts of a small group of Sudanese students and researchers, led by Dr. Anwar Dafa-Alla, Founder and Chairperson, who are passionate about Sudan’s development, and has expanded rapidly until it became the largest digital platform in social media networks for Sudanese researchers and students with over than half a million members.

Achievements & Impact of the SRF

The Sudanese Researchers Foundation (SRF) operates through a decentralized model and on a voluntary basis. Our volunteers’ network, which includes researchers, scientists, university professors, engineers, doctors, social activists, and other professionals, spans from Christchurch in New Zealand to Vancouver in Canada. Since our launch in 2009, we have conducted countless events to increase the capacity of Sudanese researchers and develop our community. Our achievements include:

• We developed an online index for Sudanese researchers all over the world which complies all their publications
• We organized the SRF first scientific conference in 2017 which was hosted and co-sponsored by the Al-Neelain University, Sudan
• We signed an MOU with Al-Jezeirah University (one of the largest public universities in Sudan) on developing a database for plants used in the pharmaceuticals industry
• We developed a new and innovative model of learning, networking, and collaboration for our Sudanese community through the utilization of Facebook groups. This was achieved when we launched the “Sudanese Researchers Initiative” (SRI) Facebook group back in 2009. The SRI is now the largest gathering for Sudanese researchers with over half a million members (currently over 600,000 members, and growing at over 4% per month). Further, the SRI group has over 400,000 active members per month. Through this group, we have conducted hundreds of online workshops, webinars, and online panel discussions featuring highly reputable scientific figures.
• In 2017, we hosted Prof. Martin Chalfie (Noble Prize Laureate 2009 in Chemistry) for a webinar on Green Fluorescent Protein, in partnership with the TReND in Africa network. This webinar, along with the other 300+ webinars we conducted can be accessed in our YouTube Channel.
• We have conducted several professional workshops on: project Management, statistical analysis, and e-learning models for Sudanese universities.
• We have published four books as a collaborative effort with our members base. These are: 1)Sudanese Scholarships Guide, 2)Student Guide for Undergraduate and Graduate Studies in Sudan, and 3)Guide to the IELTS Examination, and 4)Guide to the Sudanese Civil Protestor.

AJET Editorial Management Team

Prof. Abdalbasit Adam Mariod, Editor-in-Chief

Professor of Food Science & Technology, University of Jeddah, KSA

Dr. Mohamed Alhaj, Publishing Director & Associate Editor
The Sudanese Researchers Foundation, Sudan

Dr. Anwar Dafalla, Founder & Chairperson
The Sudanese Researchers Foundation, Sudan

Dr. Maram Ali, Editorial Manager
National Ribat University, Sudan

Dr. Isah Yakub Mohammed, Journal Development Manager & Associate Editor 
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria

Contact

editor@sresearchers.org

ajet@sresearchers.org

editorialoffice@sresearchers.org 

We invite all universities, scientific institutions, organizations, and donors to support our journal. AJET is a relatively new journal and is operating with a limited budget. 

• Sponsorship: 

  Are you a university or a scientific institution interested in supporting open access research in Africa?

  AJET is actively looking for a financial sponsor to support the journal's progress and development for a one year term.

  Sponsors will benefit from immense visibility and marketing in the journal's published articles and in our social media platforms.

  AJET is published by the Sudanese Researchers Foundation, a member of the UN SDGs Publishers Compact.

  Send us an email to discuss! ajet@sresearchers.org

• Donation: 

  To donate to AJET via PayPal, click here.