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      Plant-based nutrition for healthcare professionals: implementing diet as a primary modality in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease

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          Abstract

          Cardiovascular disease remains the world's leading cause of death. Yet, we have known for decades that the vast majority of atherosclerosis and its subsequent morbidity and mortality are influenced predominantly by diet. This paper will describe a health-promoting whole food, plant-based diet; delineate macro- and micro-nutrition, emphasizing specific geriatric concerns; and offer guidance to physicians and other healthcare practitioners to support patients in successfully utilizing nutrition to improve their health.

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          Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance.

          Laura Bravo (1998)
          Polyphenols constitute one of the most numerous and ubiquitous groups of plant metabolites and are an integral part of both human and animal diets. Ranging from simple phenolic molecules to highly polymerized compounds with molecular weights of greater than 30,000 Da, the occurrence of this complex group of substances in plant foods is extremely variable. Polyphenols traditionally have been considered antinutrients by animal nutritionists, because of the adverse effect of tannins, one type of polyphenol, on protein digestibility. However, recent interest in food phenolics has increased greatly, owing to their antioxidant capacity (free radical scavenging and metal chelating activities) and their possible beneficial implications in human health, such as in the treatment and prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other pathologies. Much of the literature refers to a single group of plant phenolics, the flavonoids. This review offers an overview of the nutritional effects of the main groups of polyphenolic compounds, including their metabolism, effects on nutrient bioavailability, and antioxidant activity, as well as a brief description of the chemistry of polyphenols and their occurrence in plant foods.
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            The intersection between aging and cardiovascular disease.

            Brian North, David A Sinclair (2012)
            The average lifespan of humans is increasing, and with it the percentage of people entering the 65 and older age group is growing rapidly and will continue to do so in the next 20 years. Within this age group, cardiovascular disease will remain the leading cause of death, and the cost associated with treatment will continue to increase. Aging is an inevitable part of life and unfortunately poses the largest risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although numerous studies in the cardiovascular field have considered both young and aged humans, there are still many unanswered questions as to how the genetic pathways that regulate aging in model organisms influence cardiovascular aging. Likewise, in the molecular biology of aging field, few studies fully assess the role of these aging pathways in cardiovascular health. Fortunately, this gap is beginning to close, and these two fields are merging together. We provide an overview of some of the key genes involved in regulating lifespan and health span, including sirtuins, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 and their roles regulating cardiovascular health. We then discuss a series of review articles that will appear in succession and provide a more comprehensive analysis of studies carried out linking genes of aging and cardiovascular health, and perspectives of future directions of these two intimately linked fields.
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              Extending healthy life span--from yeast to humans.

              Luigi Fontana, Linda Partridge, Valter D Longo (2010)
              When the food intake of organisms such as yeast and rodents is reduced (dietary restriction), they live longer than organisms fed a normal diet. A similar effect is seen when the activity of nutrient-sensing pathways is reduced by mutations or chemical inhibitors. In rodents, both dietary restriction and decreased nutrient-sensing pathway activity can lower the incidence of age-related loss of function and disease, including tumors and neurodegeneration. Dietary restriction also increases life span and protects against diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease in rhesus monkeys, and in humans it causes changes that protect against these age-related pathologies. Tumors and diabetes are also uncommon in humans with mutations in the growth hormone receptor, and natural genetic variants in nutrient-sensing pathways are associated with increased human life span. Dietary restriction and reduced activity of nutrient-sensing pathways may thus slow aging by similar mechanisms, which have been conserved during evolution. We discuss these findings and their potential application to prevention of age-related disease and promotion of healthy aging in humans, and the challenge of possible negative side effects.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Geriatr Cardiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Geriatr Cardiol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JGC
                Title: Journal of Geriatric Cardiology : JGC
                Publisher: Science Press
                ISSN (Print): 1671-5411
                Publication date (Print): May 2017
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 355-368
                Affiliations
                [1 ]To Your Health Fitness and Nutrition, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
                [2 ]Thermogenex, Huntsville, AL, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Julieanna Hever, MS, RD, To Your Health Fitness and Nutrition, 9454 Wilshire Blvd. Suite 920, Beverly Hills, CA 90212, USA. E-mail: julieannahevermsrd@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: jgc-14-05-355
                DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.05.012
                PMC ID: 5466942
                PubMed ID: 28630615
                SO-VID: 00bf6ef9-1d1a-4662-8018-b38701f62fd6
                Copyright © Institute of Geriatric Cardiology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which allows readers to alter, transform, or build upon the article and then distribute the resulting work under the same or similar license to this one. The work must be attributed back to the original author and commercial use is not permitted without specific permission.

                History
                Date received : 1 March 2017
                Date revision received : 6 May 2017
                Date accepted : 21 May 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: aging,health span,plant-based nutrition,preventive medicine,vegetarian
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Cardiovascular Medicine
                Keywords: aging, health span, plant-based nutrition, preventive medicine, vegetarian

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