Action on Vascular Risk Factors: Importance of Blood Pressure and Lipid Lowering in Stroke Secondary Prevention

Abstract

Introduction: Secondary stroke prevention comprises a broad spectrum of therapeutic actions that includes the appropriate management of risk factors and the action on blood pressure and serum lipids that are of great importance to decrease stroke recurrences. Methods: We conducted a review of the published studies analyzing the relevance of the treatment of blood pressure and serum lipids, with special attention to recent findings of clinical trials and current guidelines on stroke secondary prevention. Results: The relationship between blood pressure and stroke has been widely demonstrated; however, the role of serum lipids has been discussed for a long time. Recent results from epidemiological studies and clinical trials have demonstrated its role as modifiable risk factor for stroke. Blood pressure and lipid lowering are associated with significant reductions in recurrent strokes as well as in other vascular events in transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke patients. The PROGRESS and MOSES trials suggest that diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers could confer additional benefits in stroke patients, and the SPARCL study did so for statins. These drugs are not only efficacious in the reduction of stroke recurrences, but also in other cardiovascular events. Conclusions: Blood pressure and serum lipids are two important and modifiable vascular risk factors that should be taken into consideration when planning secondary stroke prevention measures. This approach should include hypotensive drugs (mainly the combination of diuretics and ACE inhibitors) with the objective to maintain normal blood pressure, avoiding levels >130/80 mm Hg in all stroke patients, and statins (atorvastatin 80 mg) in patients with noncardioembolic TIA or stroke.