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      Detección de Helicobacter pylori en muestras de agua y biopelícula de los grifos de las instituciones educativas oficiales en la ciudad de Medellín Translated title: Detection of Helicobacter pylori in water and biofilm samples from faucets of official educational institutions in the city of Medellin

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) es uno de los agentes infecciosos etiológico de la gastritis crónica, el linfoma de MALT, el adenocarcinoma gástrico y del cáncer gástrico y puede ser transmitido a través del agua. Objetivo: determinar la presencia de Hp por medio de cultivos y PCR en muestras de agua y biopelícula de los grifos de las instituciones educativas oficiales de la ciudad de Medellín, y la presencia de algunos factores de riesgo para la contaminación del agua. Material y métodos: en 194 instituciones educativas del municipio de Medellín, 2010-2011, se tomó una muestra de agua y biopelícula del grifo, las cuales se sembraron en agar HPSPA y se les realizó una prueba de PCR directa convencional con el gen ureA. Además, se realizó una encuesta para evaluar factores de riesgo como antigüedad de la edificación, estado físico y material de los grifos, presencia de tanques o pozos de agua para consumo, disponibilidad de agua potable y disponibilidad de fuentes de agua diferentes a las del acueducto municipal. Resultados: la frecuencia de ADN de Hp por la prueba de PCR en agua y biopelículas fue del 2.1% en cada tipo de muestra y por cultivo fue de 11.3% tanto en agua como en biopelícula. Las muestras de agua positivas por PCR correspondieron a las instituciones educativas ubicadas en Manrique, Villa Hermosa, San Javier y Guayabal, Las muestras de biopelículas positivas estuvieron en los barrios Popular, Villa Hermosa, Palmitas y en Santa Elena. Conclusiones: Hp fue detectado en las muestras de agua y biopelícula obtenidas de las instituciones educativas oficiales de Medellín y se pudo determinar por cultivo en HPSPA y por PCR con el gen ureA. Sin embargo, ninguno de los factores de riesgo estudiados fueron predictores para la contaminación. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 121-128).

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is one of the etiological infectious agents of chronic gastritis, MALT lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric cancer and can be transmitted through water. Objective: to determine the presence of Hp by means of cultures and PCR in samples of water and biofilm of the faucets of the official educational institutions of the city of Medellin, and the presence of some risk factors for water contamination. Material and methods: In 194 educational institutions of the municipality of Medellin, 20102011, a sample of water and biofilm of faucet was taken and planted on HPSPA agar and a conventional direct PCR test was performed with the ureA gene. In addition, a survey to evaluate risk factors such as age of the building, physical and material condition of faucets, presence of water tanks or wells for consumption, availability of drinking water and availability of water sources other than those of the municipal aqueduct was carried out. Results: the frequency of Hp DNA by PCR test in water and biofilms was 2.1% in each type of sample and by culture was 11.3% in both water and biofilm. The positive water samples by PCR corresponded to the educational institutions located in Manrique, Villa Hermosa, San Javier and Guayabal. Positive biofilm samples were found in Popular, Villa Hermosa, Palmitas and Santa Elena districts. Conclusions: Hp was detected in the water and biofilm samples obtained from the official educational institutions of Medellin and could be determined by culture in HPSPA and by PCR with the ureA gene. However, none of the risk factors studied were predictors of contamination. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 121-128).

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          Helicobacter pylori infection in the Colombian Andes: a population-based study of transmission pathways.

          In 1992, the authors studied Helicobacter pylori infection and exposures relevant to person-to-person, waterborne, foodborne, and zoonotic transmission in a census sample of 684 2-9-year-old children in Aldana, Nariño, a rural community in the Colombian Andes. H. pylori prevalence, as determined by the 13C-urea breath test, was 69%, and prevalence increased from 53% in 2 year-olds to 87% in 9 year-olds. Beginning at 3 years of age, a higher percentage of males compared with females were infected. Odds ratios were estimated by multivariate logistic regression to control for mutual confounding by transmission-pathway proxy variables and socioeconomic indicators. Among transmission-pathway proxies, the strongest predictor of H. pylori status was the number of persons who lived in the home, with the number of children apparently being of greater importance than the number of adults. Swimming in rivers, streams, or pools increased the odds of infection, as did using streams as a drinking water source. Children who frequently consumed raw vegetables were more likely to have the infection, and children who had contact with sheep also had increased prevalence odds. Because the results did not implicate a single mode of transmission, the possibility of multiple pathways is indicated.
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            Methodological approaches for studying the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems.

            The study of the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) has traditionally been based on culturing organisms from bulk water samples. The development and application of molecular methods has supplied new tools for examining the microbial diversity and activity of environmental samples, yielding new insights into the microbial community and its diversity within these engineered ecosystems. In this review, the currently available methods and emerging approaches for characterising microbial communities, including both planktonic and biofilm ways of life, are critically evaluated. The study of biofilms is considered particularly important as it plays a critical role in the processes and interactions occurring at the pipe wall and bulk water interface. The advantages, limitations and usefulness of methods that can be used to detect and assess microbial abundance, community composition and function are discussed in a DWDS context. This review will assist hydraulic engineers and microbial ecologists in choosing the most appropriate tools to assess drinking water microbiology and related aspects.
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              Risk Factors and Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Five Largest Islands of Indonesia: A Preliminary Study

              The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Indonesia is still controversial and mainly investigated in the largest ethnic group, Javanese. We examined the prevalence of H. pylori infection using four different tests including culture, histology confirmed by immunohistochemistry and rapid urease test. We also analyzed risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in five largest islands in Indonesia. From January 2014–February 2015 we consecutively recruited a total of 267 patients with dyspeptic symptoms in Java, Papua, Sulawesi, Borneo and Sumatera Island. Overall, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 22.1% (59/267). Papuan, Batak and Buginese ethnics had higher risk for H. pylori infection than Javanese, Dayak and Chinese ethnics (OR = 30.57, 6.31, 4.95; OR = 28.39, 5.81, 4.61 and OR = 23.23, 4.76, 3.77, respectively, P <0.05). The sensitivity and specificity for RUT and culture were 90.2%, 92.9% and 80.5%, 98.2%, respectively. The patients aged 50–59 years group had significantly higher H. pylori infection than 30–39 years group (OR 2.98, P = 0.05). Protestant had significantly higher H. pylori infection rate than that among Catholic (OR 4.42, P = 0.008). It was also significantly lower among peoples who used tap water as source of drinking water than from Wells/river (OR 9.67, P = 0.03). However only ethnics as become independent risk factors for H. pylori infection. Although we confirmed low prevalence of H. pylori in Javanese; predominant ethnic in Indonesia, several ethnic groups had higher risk of H. pylori infection. The age, religion and water source may implicate as a risk factor for H. pylori infection in Indonesia.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                amc
                Acta Medica Colombiana
                Acta Med Colomb
                Asociacion Colombiana de Medicina Interna (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0120-2448
                June 2017
                : 42
                : 2
                : 121-128
                Affiliations
                [2] Medellín orgnameInstitución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia Colombia
                [1] Medellín Antioquia orgnameInstitución Universitaria Colegio Mayor de Antioquia Colombia
                Article
                S0120-24482017000200121
                0d9f160d-1fb8-40f7-8e7c-1dc355a18768

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 March 2016
                : 27 April 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                ureA gene,PCR,biofilm,water,H. pylori,gen urea,biopelícula,agua
                ureA gene, PCR, biofilm, water, H. pylori, gen urea, biopelícula, agua

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