The Exocrine Chemistry of the Parasitic Wasp Sphecophaga orientalis and Its Host Vespa orientalis: A Case of Chemical Deception?

Abstract

Simple Summary

The wasp Sphecophaga orientalis is a parasitoid of the Oriental hornet ( Vespa orientalis) in its subterranean colonies. We describe this parasitoid’s occurrence in hornet nests in Israel and compare the chemical composition of cuticular washes of both species. The dissimilarity between the two excludes the possibility that the parasite uses either camouflage or chemical mimicry to evade host aggression. Because the parasitoid features large amounts of the necrophoric compound oleic acid, we suggest that, due to this compound, the host considers the parasite as refuse and ignores its presence. The parasitoid head also contains rose oxide, a repellent, possibly used to repel aggressive workers and which, combined with its necrophoric odor, enables it to remain in the nest undisturbed.

Abstract

The main challenge facing a parasite of social insects lies in deceiving its host’s detection and defense systems in order to enter and survive within the host colony. Sphecophaga orientalis is an ichneumonid wasp that parasitizes the pupae of the Oriental hornet Vespa orientalis. In Israel’s Mediterranean region, this parasitoid infects on average 23.48% (8–56%) of the host pupal cells. Observation of colonies brought to the laboratory revealed that the parasite moves around within the colony without being aggressed by the host workers. To assess how the parasite evades host detection and defense, we compared the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of both species. There was little similarity between the parasite and the host workers’ CHC, refuting the hypothesis of chemical mimicry. The parasite’s CHCs were dominated by linear alkanes and alkenes with negligible amounts of branched alkanes, while the host workers’ CHCs were rich in branched alkanes and with little or no alkenes. Moreover, the parasite cuticular wash was markedly rich in oleic acid, previously reported as a cue eliciting necrophoric behavior. Since nests of Oriental hornets are typified by large amounts of prey residues, we suggest that, due to its unfamiliar CHCs and the abundance of oleic acid, the parasite is considered as refuse by the host. We also detected rose oxide in the parasitoid head extracts. Rose oxide is a known insect repellent, and can be used to repel and mitigate aggression in workers. These two factors, in concert, are believed to aid the parasite to evade host aggression.