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      Satellite RNAs and Satellite Viruses of Plants

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          Abstract

          The view that satellite RNAs (satRNAs) and satellite viruses are purely molecular parasites of their cognate helper viruses has changed. The molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic and/or antagonistic interactions among satRNAs/satellite viruses, helper viruses, and host plants are beginning to be comprehended. This review aims to summarize the recent achievements in basic and practical research, with special emphasis on the involvement of RNA silencing mechanisms in the pathogenicity, population dynamics, and, possibly, the origin(s) of these subviral agents. With further research following current trends, the comprehensive understanding of satRNAs and satellite viruses could lead to new insights into the trilateral interactions among host plants, viruses, and satellites.

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          RNA silencing in plants.

          David Baulcombe (2004)
          There are at least three RNA silencing pathways for silencing specific genes in plants. In these pathways, silencing signals can be amplified and transmitted between cells, and may even be self-regulated by feedback mechanisms. Diverse biological roles of these pathways have been established, including defence against viruses, regulation of gene expression and the condensation of chromatin into heterochromatin. We are now in a good position to investigate the full extent of this functional diversity in genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of genome control.
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            A new evolutionary law

            Van Valen, L. van Valen, L. Van Valen … (1973)
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              GenBank

              Dennis A Benson, Ilene Karsch-Mizrachi, David Lipman … (2008)
              GenBank (R) is a comprehensive database that contains publicly available nucleotide sequences for more than 260 000 named organisms, obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects. Most submissions are made using the web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs and accession numbers are assigned by GenBank staff upon receipt. Daily data exchange with the European Molecular Biology Laboratory Nucleotide Sequence Database in Europe and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through NCBI's retrieval system, Entrez, which integrates data from the major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and the biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of the GenBank database are available by FTP. To access GenBank and its related retrieval and analysis services, begin at the NCBI Homepage: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Viruses
                Title: Viruses
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4915
                Publication date Collection: December 2009
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 December 2009
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 1325-1350
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan; E-Mails: cchu@ 123456dragon.nchu.edu.tw (C.-C.H.); yhhsu@ 123456nchu.edu.tw (Y.-H.H.)
                [2 ] Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: nslin@ 123456sinica.edu.tw ; Tel.: +886-2-2787-1106; Fax: +886-2-2788-0991.
                Article
                Publisher ID: viruses-01-01325
                DOI: 10.3390/v1031325
                PMC ID: 3185516
                PubMed ID: 21994595
                SO-VID: 81456ca7-f786-45ef-bb09-8e77bad4338a
                Copyright © © 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 October 2009
                Date revision received : 7 December 2009
                Date accepted : 7 December 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: pathogenicity,satellite virus,satellite rna,replication,rna silencing
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: pathogenicity, satellite virus, satellite rna, replication, rna silencing

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