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      Enteropathogenic Bacteria Contamination of Unchlorinated Drinking Water in Korea, 2010

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          The purpose of this study was to assess the microbiological quality of unchlorinated drinking water in Korea, 2010. One hundred and eighty unchlorinated drinking water samples were collected from various sites in Seoul and Gyeonggi province.

          Methods

          To investigate bacterial presence, the pour plate method was used with cultures grown on selective media for total bacteria, total coliforms, and Staphylococcus spp., respectively.

          Results

          In the 180 total bacteria investigation, 72 samples from Seoul and 33 samples from Gyeonggi province were of an unacceptable quality (>10 2 CFU/mL). Of all the samples tested, total coliforms were detected in 28 samples (15.6%) and Staphylococcus spp. in 12 samples (6.7%). Most of the coliform isolates exhibited high-level resistance to cefazolin (88.2%), cefonicid (64.7%) and ceftazidime (20.6%). In addition, Staphylococcus spp. isolates exhibited high-level resistance to mupirocin (42%). Species of Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Cupriavidus, Hafnia, Rahnella, Serratia, and Yersinia were isolated from the water samples.

          Conclusions

          The results of this study suggest that consumption of unchlorinated drinking water could represent a notable risk to the health of consumers. As such, there is need for continuous monitoring of these water sources and to establish standards.

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          Detection of antibiotic resistance and tetracycline resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the Pearl rivers in South China.

          Ran Tao, Guang-Guo Ying, Hao-Chang Su … (2010)
          This study investigated antibiotic resistance profiles and tetracycline resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae family isolates from the Pearl rivers. The Enterobacteriaceae isolates were tested for susceptibility to seven antibiotics ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline and trimethoprim. In Liuxi reservoir, with an exception to ampicillin resistant strains (11%) no other antibiotic resistance bacterial strains were detected. However, multiple drug resistance in bacterial isolates from the other sites of Pearl rivers was observed which is possibly due to sewage discharge and input from other anthropogenic sources along the rivers. Four tetracycline resistance genes tet A, tet B, tet C and tet D were detected in the isolates from the rivers. The genes tet A and tet B were widely detected with the detection frequencies of 43% and 40% respectively. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistant enteric bacteria were also isolated from the pig and duck manures which suggest a wider distribution of human specific drugs in the environment. This investigation provided a baseline data on antibiotic resistance profiles and tetracycline resistance genes in the Pearl rivers delta. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically: Approved Standard

            MJ Ferraro (2003)
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              Potentially pathogenic features of heterotrophic plate count bacteria isolated from treated and untreated drinking water.

              Marthie Ehlers, D Pavlov, George S. Laszlo … (2004)
              Heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) are commonly used to assess the general microbiological quality of drinking water. Drinking water quality specifications worldwide recommend HPC limits from 100 to 500 cfu ml(-1). A number of recent studies revealed evidence that these bacteria may not be as harmless as generally accepted. It appears that immuno-compromised individuals are particularly at risk. This would include the very young and very old patients with diseases such as AIDS and patients on therapy for purposes such as organ transplantation and cancer treatment. In this study, 339 bacterial colonies were isolated at random from selected treated and untreated drinking water in South Africa using routine heterotrophic plate count tests. In a first step to screen for potentially pathogenic properties, 188 (55.5%) of the isolates showed alpha- or beta-haemolysis on human- and horse-blood agar media. Subsequent analysis of the haemolytic isolates for enzymatic properties associated with pathogenicity revealed the presence of chondroitinase in 5.3% of the isolates, coagulase in 16.0%, DNase in 60.6%, elastase in 33.0%, fibrinolysin in 53.7%, gelatinase in 62.2%, hyaluronidase in 21.3%, lecithinase in 47.9%, lipase in 54.8% and proteinase in 64.4%. Fluorescein and pyocyanin were not produced by any of the isolates. Among the haemolytic isolates, 77.7% were resistant to oxacillin 1 microg, 59.6% to penicillin G 2 units, 47.3% to penicillin G 10 units, 54.3% to ampicillin 10 microg and 43.1% to ampicillin 25 microg. Cell culture studies revealed that 96% of haemolytic isolates were cytotoxic to HEp-2 cells, and 98.9% of the 181 cytotoxic isolates adhered to HEp-2 or Caco-2 cells. HEp-2 cells were invaded by 43.6%, and Caco-2 cells by 49.7%, of the 181 cytotoxic isolates. The invasion index on HEp-2 cells ranged from 1.9 x 10(-1) to 8.9 x 10(-6), whereas the invasion index on Caco-2 cells varied between 7.7 x 10(-2) and 8.3 x 10(-6). The most commonly isolated genera with these potentially pathogenic features were Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Aureobacterium, Bacillus, Chryseobacterium, Corynebacterium, Klebsiella, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Tsukamurella and Vibrio. The results obtained in this study support earlier findings on potentially pathogenic features of bacteria detected by routine HPCs on drinking water. These findings are in agreement with some epidemiological studies, which indicated an association between HPCs in drinking water and the incidence of gastroenteritis in consumers. However, the extent of the health risk concerned needs to be defined in more detail for meaningful revision of quality guidelines for HPCs in drinking water. Copyright 2003 Elsevier B.V.
              Article 0 comments Cited 23 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Health Toxicol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EHT
                Title: Environmental Health and Toxicology
                Publisher: The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology
                ISSN (Electronic): 2233-6567
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 November 2011
                Volume: 26
                Electronic Location Identifier: e2011016
                Affiliations
                College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Nam Joo Ha, PhD. 815 Hwarangro Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea. Tel: +82-2-3399-1607, Fax: +82-2-3399-1617, hanj@ 123456syu.ac.kr
                Article
                DOI: 10.5620/eht.2011.26.e2011016
                PMC ID: 3233695
                PubMed ID: 22216417
                SO-VID: 8483bf2d-c3f8-4b20-89c3-2c67fa9ce064
                Copyright © © 2011 The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 04 August 2011
                Date accepted : 21 October 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Occupational & Environmental medicine
                Keywords: unchlorinated drinking water,microbiological quality,antimicrobial resistance,enteropathogenic bacteria
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Occupational & Environmental medicine
                Keywords: unchlorinated drinking water, microbiological quality, antimicrobial resistance, enteropathogenic bacteria

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