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      Neuraxial labor analgesia: a literature review: a letter to the editor Translated title: Analgesia neuraxial para parto: revisão da literatura: carta ao editor

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      a , b , *
      Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
      Elsevier

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          Abstract

          Dear Editor, I read the article entitled “Neuraxial labor analgesia: a literature review” with great interest. 1 Labor is one of the most memorable events in every woman’s life, but labor pain can make it one of their most unpleasant experiences. For this reason, in recent decades many pregnant women have tended to cesarean section. Fortunately, though, fighting labor pain by new modalities provided by the anesthesia team have opened up new hopes for mothers. However, the complexity of the best methods, such as continuous spinal epidural analgesia, 1 , 2 does not allow all mothers to enjoy the same way. On the other hand, as pain per se is a subjective matter, the satisfaction of a mother from applied pain reduction method is strongly influenced by factors such as her socioeconomic level. 3 In rural population and in low income territories, resource constraints may force anesthesiologists to choose simpler and cheaper modalities to control labor pain. The single shot intrathecal opioid may be the best method to fit this situation. This method may not completely eliminate pain but can significantly reduce the pain level and make it more tolerable. In other words, we can offer a pain-reduced labor instead of a painless one. Half a loaf is better than none for a hungry man! Additionally, some intrathecal additives, such as midazolam, and minimal concertation of local anesthetics, such as bupivacaine, can strengthen it.4, 5 Obviously, opioid dosage and the timing of the procedure is of particular importance to avoid unwanted events and to get the most benefits. Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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          Pain Psychology and the Biopsychosocial Model of Pain Treatment: Ethical Imperatives and Social Responsibility

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            Reduction in labor pain by intrathecal midazolam as an adjunct to sufentanil

            Background Anesthesia today has strived to decrease labor pain in a tolerable and controllable fashion. Intrathecal midazolam has been introduced as an adjunct to analgesics. The study was planned to assess the efficacy, safety and duration of analgesia produced by intrathecal midazolam adjunct to sufentanil in decreasing labor pain. Methods In a randomized clinical trial 80 parturient included in the study. The two groups were matched for age, cervical dilation, gravid, gestational age, and other demographic characteristics. Combination of sufentanil and midazolam administered intrathecally to experimental group and compared to sufentanil group. Time to reach maximum block, and pain score was measured and recorded. Results Groups were matched for age and weight and other demographic characteristic. No significant adverse effect was seen in both groups including decrease in Apgar score. Duration of analgesia was 92.0 ± 12.7 in sufentanil group and 185.2 ± 15.2 minutes in midazolam and sufentanil group which was significantly different (P = 0.002). Numeric rating scale score was significantly lower in midazolam group compare to sufentanil group at 120 min (P = 0.01), 150 min (P = 0.0014), and 180 min (P = 0.001). Conclusions Intrathecal midazolam as an adjunct to opioid could significantly enhance analgesia in labor pain with no significant adverse effect. Intrathecal injection of midazolam is an appropriate alternative to parenteral or epidural analgesia in small hospital settings.
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              Neuraxial labor analgesia: a literature review Translated title: Analgesia de parto no neuroeixo: uma revisão da literatura

              The use of analgesia techniques for labor has become increasingly frequent, with neuraxial techniques being the most commonly used and most effective. Labor pain entails a number of physiological consequences that may be negative for the mother and fetus, and therefore must be treated. This literature review was performed through a search in the PubMed database, from July to November 2016, and included articles in English or Portuguese, published between 2011 and 2016 or anteriorly, if relevant to the topic. The techniques were divided into the following topics: induction (epidural, combined epidural-spinal, continuous spinal, and epidural with dural puncture) and maintenance of analgesia (continuous epidural infusion, patient-controlled epidural analgesia, and intermittent epidural bolus ). Epidural analgesia does not alter the incidence of cesarean sections or fetal prognosis, and maternal request is a sufficient indication for its initiation. The combined technique has the advantage of a faster onset of analgesia; however, patients are subject to a higher incidence of pruritus resulting from the intrathecal administration of opioids. Patient-controlled analgesia seems to be an excellent technique, reducing the consumption of local anesthetics, the number of anesthesiologist interventions, and increasing maternal satisfaction. O uso de técnicas de analgesia para o trabalho de parto tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente. As técnicas neuroaxiais são as mais comumente usadas e de maior eficácia. A dor do trabalho de parto traz uma série de consequências fisiológicas que podem ser negativas para a mãe e para o feto, e por isso deve ser tratada. Esta revisão de literatura foi feita na base de dados PubMed, de julho a novembro de 2016, e foram incluídos artigos em inglês ou português publicados entre 2011 e 2016, ou mais antigos que fossem relevantes ao tema. As técnicas foram divididas nos tópicos: indução (peridural, raquiperidural combinada, raquianestesia contínua e peridural com punção dural) e manutenção da analgesia (infusão peridural contínua, analgesia peridural controlada pela paciente e bolus peridural intermitente). A analgesia peridural não altera a incidência de cesarianas nem o prognóstico fetal, e o desejo materno é indicação suficiente para seu início. A técnica combinada apresenta como vantagem um início mais rápido da analgesia, entretanto as pacientes estão sujeitas a maior incidência de prurido decorrente da administração intratecal de opioides. A analgesia controlada pela paciente parece ser uma excelente técnica, diminui o consumo de anestésicos locais e o número de intervenções do anestesiologista e aumenta a satisfação materna.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
                Elsevier
                0104-0014
                2352-2291
                07 February 2020
                Jan-Feb 2020
                07 February 2020
                : 70
                : 1
                : 75
                Affiliations
                [a ]Qom University of Medical Sciences, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Qom, Iran
                [b ]Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. r.aminnejad@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                S0104-0014(20)30020-8
                10.1016/j.bjane.2019.12.002
                9373238
                32173064
                aa72ceca-9612-4f2a-9f65-d66582c63527
                © 2020 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 5 July 2019
                Categories
                Letter to the Editor

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