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      Anti-Pigmentary Natural Compounds and Their Mode of Action

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          Abstract

          Hyper-activated melanocytes are the major cause of skin hyper-pigmentary disorders, such as freckles and melasma. Increasing efforts have been made to search for materials with depigmenting activity to develop functional cosmetics. As a result, numerous materials have been reported to have depigmenting activity but some of them are known to cause unwanted side effects. Consequently, anti-pigmentary natural compounds without concern of toxicity are in great demand. Virtually all sorts of natural sources have been investigated to find anti-pigmentary natural compounds. This review summarizes recently reported anti-pigmentary natural compounds and their mode of action from the ocean, plants, and bacteria.

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          The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin.

          Michaela Brenner, Vincent J. Hearing (2015)
          Human skin is repeatedly exposed to UVR that influences the function and survival of many cell types and is regarded as the main causative factor in the induction of skin cancer. It has been traditionally believed that skin pigmentation is the most important photoprotective factor, as melanin, besides functioning as a broadband UV absorbent, has antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. Besides, many epidemiological studies have shown a lower incidence for skin cancer in individuals with darker skin compared to those with fair skin. Skin pigmentation is of great cultural and cosmetic importance, yet the role of melanin in photoprotection is still controversial. This article outlines the major acute and chronic effects of UVR on human skin, the properties of melanin, the regulation of pigmentation and its effect on skin cancer prevention.
          Article 0 comments Cited 247 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Signaling Pathways in Melanogenesis

            Stacey A. N. D’Mello, Graeme Finlay, Bruce C. Baguley … (2016)
            Melanocytes are melanin-producing cells found in skin, hair follicles, eyes, inner ear, bones, heart and brain of humans. They arise from pluripotent neural crest cells and differentiate in response to a complex network of interacting regulatory pathways. Melanins are pigment molecules that are endogenously synthesized by melanocytes. The light absorption of melanin in skin and hair leads to photoreceptor shielding, thermoregulation, photoprotection, camouflage and display coloring. Melanins are also powerful cation chelators and may act as free radical sinks. Melanin formation is a product of complex biochemical events that starts from amino acid tyrosine and its metabolite, dopa. The types and amounts of melanin produced by melanocytes are determined genetically and are influenced by a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as hormonal changes, inflammation, age and exposure to UV light. These stimuli affect the different pathways in melanogenesis. In this review we will discuss the regulatory mechanisms involved in melanogenesis and explain how intrinsic and extrinsic factors regulate melanin production. We will also explain the regulatory roles of different proteins involved in melanogenesis.
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              The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightening agents--existing and new approaches.

              Tina M. Olsson, J M Gillbro (2011)
              Skin-lightening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes to obtain lighter skin complexion. Clinically, they are also used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders such as melasma, café au lait spot and solar lentigo. All of these target naturally melanin production, and many of the commonly used agents are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, one of the key enzymes in melanogenesis. In this review, we present an overview of commonly used skin-whitening ingredients that are commercialized, but we also hypothesize on other mechanisms that could be important targets to control skin pigmentation such as for example regulation of the adrenergic and glutaminergic signalling and also control of tetrahydrobiopterins in the human skin. © 2011 The Authors. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Andrzej Slominski: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 June 2021
                Publication date Collection: June 2021
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6206
                Affiliations
                College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemungu, Seoul 03760, Korea; kyuri@ 123456ewhain.net (K.K.); huhlisa@ 123456naver.com (Y.H.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: kmlim@ 123456ewha.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-2-3277-3055; Fax: +82-2-3277-3760
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-7680
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-22-06206
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126206
                PMC ID: 8226446
                PubMed ID: 34201391
                SO-VID: b3081850-5443-47a3-9e62-d343ce00e34a
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 07 May 2021
                Date accepted : 07 June 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: skin pigmentation,melanogenesis,tyrosinase,natural compound
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: skin pigmentation, melanogenesis, tyrosinase, natural compound

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