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      Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931–2017) – a literature review Translated title: Maladies parasitaires des dromadaires en Iran (1931–2017) – Revue de la littérature

      review-article
      1 , 2 , * , 2
      Parasite
      EDP Sciences
      dromedary, Bactrian camel, Camelus, review, Iran

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          Abstract

          Parasitic diseases of camels are major causes of impaired milk and meat production, decreases in performance or even death. Some camel parasites also represent a threat to human health. About 171,500 one-humped camels ( Camelus dromedarius) and 100–300 two-humped camels ( Camelus bactrianus) live in Iran. Knowledge of the biodiversity of their parasites is still limited. The present review covers all information about camel parasitic diseases in Iran published as dissertations and in both Iranian and international journals from 1931 to February 2017. Ten genera of Protozoa ( Trypanosoma, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis, Besnoitia, Theileria, Babesia and Balantidium), 48 helminth species detected in the digestive system, including three species of Trematoda, four species of Cestoda, and 41 species of Nematoda, as well as helminths from other organs – Echinococcus spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Thelazia leesei, Dipetalonema evansi and Onchocerca fasciata – have so far been described in Iranian camels. Furthermore, 13 species of hard ticks, mange mites, the myiasis flies Cephalopina titillator and Wohlfahrtia magnifica, and immature stages of the Pentastomida Linguatula serrata have also been reported from camels of Iran. Camel parasitic diseases are a major issue in Iran in terms of economics and public health. The present review offers information for an integrated control programme against economically relevant parasites of camels.

          Translated abstract

          Les maladies parasitaires sont des causes majeures de diminution de production du lait et de la viande, diminution des performances ou même mort. Certains parasites de dromadaires représentent également une menace pour la santé humaine. Environ 171 500 dromadaires ( Camelus dromedarius) et 100 à 300 chameaux à deux bosses ( Camelus bactrianus) vivent en Iran. La connaissance de la biodiversité de leurs parasites est encore limitée. La présente revue couvre toutes les informations sur les maladies parasitaires des Camelidae en Iran qui ont été publiées dans des thèses et dans des revues iraniennes et internationales de 1931 à février 2017. Dix genres de Protozoaires ( Trypanosoma, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis, Besnoitia, Theileria, Babesia et Balantidium), 48 espèces d’helminthes détectées dans le système digestif, dont trois espèces de Trematoda, quatre espèces de Cestoda et 41 espèces de Nematoda, ainsi que des helminthes d’autres organes – Echinococcus spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Thelazia leesei, Dipetalonema evansi et Onchocerca fasciata – ont jusqu’ici été décrits chez les Camelidae iraniens. En outre, 13 espèces de tiques, des acariens, les mouches à myiases Cephalopina titillator et Wohlfahrtia magnifica, et les stades immatures du Pentastomide Linguatula serrata ont également été signalés chez les Camelidae en Iran. Les maladies parasitaires des Camelidae doivent être considérées comme un problème en Iran en termes d’importance économique et de santé publique. La présente revue offre des informations pour un programme de contrôle intégré contre les parasites économiquement pertinents des Camelidae.

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          Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye

          Nowaday, zoonoses are an important cause of human parasitic diseases worldwide and a major threat to the socio-economic development, mainly in developing countries. Importantly, zoonotic helminths that affect human eyes (HIE) may cause blindness with severe socio-economic consequences to human communities. These infections include nematodes, cestodes and trematodes, which may be transmitted by vectors (dirofilariasis, onchocerciasis, thelaziasis), food consumption (sparganosis, trichinellosis) and those acquired indirectly from the environment (ascariasis, echinococcosis, fascioliasis). Adult and/or larval stages of HIE may localize into human ocular tissues externally (i.e., lachrymal glands, eyelids, conjunctival sacs) or into the ocular globe (i.e., intravitreous retina, anterior and or posterior chamber) causing symptoms due to the parasitic localization in the eyes or to the immune reaction they elicit in the host. Unfortunately, data on HIE are scant and mostly limited to case reports from different countries. The biology and epidemiology of the most frequently reported HIE are discussed as well as clinical description of the diseases, diagnostic considerations and video clips on their presentation and surgical treatment. Homines amplius oculis, quam auribus credunt Seneca Ep 6,5 Men believe their eyes more than their ears
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            Parasites of domestic owned cats in Europe: co-infestations and risk factors

            Background Domestic cats can be infested by a large range of parasite species. Parasitic infestations may cause very different clinical signs. Endoparasites and ectoparasites are rarely explored in the same study and therefore multiparasitism is poorly documented. The present survey aimed to improve knowledge of the prevalence and risk factors associated with ecto- and endoparasite infestations in owned cats in Europe. Methods From March 2012 to May 2013, 1519 owned cats were included in a multicenter study conducted in 9 veterinary faculties throughout Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Spain). For each cat, ectoparasites were checked by combing of the coat surface associated with otoscopic evaluation and microscopy on cerumen samples. Endoparasites were identified by standard coproscopical examinations performed on fresh faecal samples. Risk factors and their influence on parasitism were evaluated by univariate analysis followed by a multivariate statistical analysis (including center of examination, age, outdoor access, multipet status, and frequency of treatments as main criteria) with logistic regression models. Results Overall, 50.7% of cats resulted positive for at least one internal or one external parasite species. Ectoparasites were found in 29.6% of cats (CI95 27.3-32.0%). Otodectes cynotis was the most frequently identified species (17.4%), followed by fleas (15.5%). Endoparasites were identified in 35.1% of the cats (CI95 32.7-35.7%), including gastro-intestinal helminths in 25.7% (CI95 23.5-28.0), respiratory nematodes in 5.5% (CI95 4.2-7.0%) and protozoans in 13.5% (CI95 11.8-15.3%). Toxocara cati was the most commonly diagnosed endoparasite (19.7%, CI95 17.8-21.8%). Co-infestation with endoparasites and ectoparasites was found in 14.0% of the cats, and 11.9% harbored both ectoparasites and gastro-intestinal helminths. Age, outdoor access, living with other pets, and anthelmintic or insecticide treatments were significantly associated with the prevalence of various parasites. Conclusions This survey demonstrates that parasitism is not a rare event in European owned cat populations. The prevalence of multi-parasitism is significantly greater than expected by chance and hence there is tendency for some individual cats to be more prone to infestation by both endo- and ectoparasites due to common risk factors.
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              Emerging helminth zoonoses.

              As our ability to recognise and diagnose human disease caused by helminth parasites has improved, so our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of these diseases has improved. Humans can develop patent infection with a wide range of helminth parasites, whose natural host is another vertebrate. Rather than focusing on a comprehensive review of zoonotic helminth infections, this review describes in detail examples of zoonotic helminth infections that have newly appeared in human populations, or have existed but are increasing in incidence or geographic range. Examples include intestinal capillariasis, anisakidosis, eosinophilic enteritis, oesophagostomiasis and gnathostomiasis. Potential reasons for the emergence of these infections, including changes in social, dietary or cultural mores, environmental changes, and the improved recognition of heretofore neglected infections often coupled with an improved ability to diagnose infection are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2017
                15 June 2017
                : 24
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2017/01 )
                : 21
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Postal Code 8915173160 Yazd Iran
                [2 ] Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Veterinaerplatz 1 1210 Vienna Austria
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Alireza_Sazmand@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                parasite170031 10.1051/parasite/2017024
                10.1051/parasite/2017024
                5479402
                28617666
                d3bfd2cd-9162-4777-8dbf-10fa10d511e2
                © A. Sazmand & A. Joachim, published by EDP Sciences, 2017

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 02 March 2017
                : 28 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 7, Equations: 0, References: 180, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Review Article

                dromedary,bactrian camel,camelus,review,iran
                dromedary, bactrian camel, camelus, review, iran

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