For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
80
views
31
references
 Top references
cited by
15
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    2
    shares
      298
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      A large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, Belgium, 2010

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          SUMMARY

          On 6 December 2010 a fire in Hemiksem, Belgium, was extinguished by the fire brigade with both river water and tap water. Local physicians were asked to report all cases of gastroenteritis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 1000 randomly selected households. We performed a statistical and geospatial analysis. Human stool samples, tap water and river water were tested for pathogens. Of the 1185 persons living in the 528 responding households, 222 (18·7%) reported symptoms of gastroenteritis during the time period 6–13 December. Drinking tap water was significantly associated with an increased risk for gastroenteritis (relative risk 3·67, 95% confidence interval 2·86–4·70) as was place of residence. Campylobacter sp. (2/56), norovirus GI and GII (11/56), rotavirus (1/56) and Giardia lamblia (3/56) were detected in stool samples. Tap water samples tested positive for faecal indicator bacteria and protozoa. The results support the hypothesis that a point-source contamination of the tap water with river water was the cause of the multi-pathogen waterborne outbreak.

          Related collections

          Most cited references31

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010.

          Selma Baldursson, Panagiotis Karanis (2011)
          The present update gives a comprehensive review of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks that occurred and were published globally between January 2004 and December 2010. At least one hundred and ninety-nine outbreaks of human diseases due to the waterborne transmission of parasitic protozoa occurred and were reported during the time period from 2004 to 2010. 46.7% of the documented outbreaks occurred on the Australian continent, 30.6% in North America and 16.5% in Europe. Cryptosporidium spp. was the etiological agent in 60.3% (120) of the outbreaks, Giardia lamblia in 35.2% (70) and other protozoa in 4.5% (9). Four outbreaks (2%) were caused by Toxoplasma gondii, three (1.5%) by Cyclospora cayetanensis. In two outbreaks (1%) Acanthamoeba spp. was identified as the causative agent. In one outbreak, G. lamblia (in 17.6% of stool samples) and Cryptosporidium parvum (in 2.7% of stool samples) as well as Entamoeba histolytica (in 9.4% of stool samples) and Blastocystis hominis (in 8.1% of stool samples) were detected. In those countries that are likely affected most a lack of surveillance systems is noticeable. However, countries that established surveillance systems did not establish an international standardization of reporting systems. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 200 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            lordif: An R Package for Detecting Differential Item Functioning Using Iterative Hybrid Ordinal Logistic Regression/Item Response Theory and Monte Carlo Simulations.

            Seung W. Choi, Laura Gibbons, Paul K. Crane (2011)
            Logistic regression provides a flexible framework for detecting various types of differential item functioning (DIF). Previous efforts extended the framework by using item response theory (IRT) based trait scores, and by employing an iterative process using group-specific item parameters to account for DIF in the trait scores, analogous to purification approaches used in other DIF detection frameworks. The current investigation advances the technique by developing a computational platform integrating both statistical and IRT procedures into a single program. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo simulation approach was incorporated to derive empirical criteria for various DIF statistics and effect size measures. For purposes of illustration, the procedure was applied to data from a questionnaire of anxiety symptoms for detecting DIF associated with age from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.
            Article 0 comments Cited 197 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Causes of outbreaks associated with drinking water in the United States from 1971 to 2006.

              S Yoder, R Calderon, G Craun … (2010)
              Since 1971, the CDC, EPA, and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained the collaborative national Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) to document waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) reported by local, state, and territorial health departments. WBDOs were recently reclassified to better characterize water system deficiencies and risk factors; data were analyzed for trends in outbreak occurrence, etiologies, and deficiencies during 1971 to 2006. A total of 833 WBDOs, 577,991 cases of illness, and 106 deaths were reported during 1971 to 2006. Trends of public health significance include (i) a decrease in the number of reported outbreaks over time and in the annual proportion of outbreaks reported in public water systems, (ii) an increase in the annual proportion of outbreaks reported in individual water systems and in the proportion of outbreaks associated with premise plumbing deficiencies in public water systems, (iii) no change in the annual proportion of outbreaks associated with distribution system deficiencies or the use of untreated and improperly treated groundwater in public water systems, and (iv) the increasing importance of Legionella since its inclusion in WBDOSS in 2001. Data from WBDOSS have helped inform public health and regulatory responses. Additional resources for waterborne disease surveillance and outbreak detection are essential to improve our ability to monitor, detect, and prevent waterborne disease in the United States.
              Article 0 comments Cited 111 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Epidemiol Infect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Epidemiol. Infect
                Journal ID (publisher-id): HYG
                Title: Epidemiology and Infection
                Publisher: Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 0950-2688
                ISSN (Electronic): 1469-4409
                Publication date (Print): March 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 July 2014
                Volume: 143
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 711-719
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels, Belgium
                [2 ]Department of Infectious Disease Control, Agency of Care and Health , Antwerp, Belgium
                [3 ]Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp , Antwerp, Belgium
                [4 ]Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Catholic University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
                [5 ]Department of Microbiology, Catholic University of Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
                Author notes
                [* ]Author for correspondence: Dr T. Braeye, OD Volksgezondheid en Surveillance, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. (Email: Toon.Braeye@ 123456wiv-isp.be )
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-4613
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0950268814001629 Publisher ID: 00162
                DOI: 10.1017/S0950268814001629
                PMC ID: 4412073
                PubMed ID: 25062494
                SO-VID: d8dbb53e-de1a-4b8c-aab1-5d76b62affc7
                Copyright © © Cambridge University Press 2014
                License:

                The online version of this article is published within an Open Access environment subject to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

                History
                Date received : 16 December 2013
                Date revision received : 02 June 2014
                Date accepted : 04 June 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, References: 40, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Original Papers
                Subject: Foodborne/Gastrointestinal Infections

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: gastroenteritis,outbreak,waterborne
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: gastroenteritis, outbreak, waterborne

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content298

                See all similar

                Cited by15

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors518

                See all reference authors