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      Vasorelaxant Effect of Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc. Branch through the Endothelium-Dependent Pathway

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          Abstract

          Korean plum ( Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold & Zucc.) has long been used as a health food or herbal medicine in Asia. Previous studies have shown that several plants of the genus Prunus have vasodilatory and antihypertensive effects; we hypothesized that P. mume branches may have a vasorelaxant effect. In this study, we evaluated the effects and action mechanism of 70% ethanol extract of P. mume branch (PMB) on isolated rat aortic rings. Inhibitors such as NG-nitro- l-arginine methyl ester, 1 H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, methylene blue, indomethacin, atropine, tetraethylammonium chloride, glibenclamide, 4-aminopyridine and BaCl 2 were used to investigate the mechanism of vasodilation responsible for the vascular relaxation. PMB (2–30 μg/mL) induced vasorelaxation in the presence of vascular endothelium, and all inhibitors used in this study affected the degree of relaxation. These results suggest that the vasorelaxant effect of PMB is endothelium-dependent and affects the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, prostacyclin pathway, muscarinic receptor pathway, and potassium channels. Our study explains that PMB may be another approach to hypertension treatment to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease.

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          The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine.

          Robert F. Furchgott, John Zawadzki (1980)
          Despite its very potent vasodilating action in vivo, acetylcholine (ACh) does not always produce relaxation of isolated preparations of blood vessels in vitro. For example, in the helical strip of the rabbit descending thoracic aorta, the only reported response to ACh has been graded contractions, occurring at concentrations above 0.1 muM and mediated by muscarinic receptors. Recently, we observed that in a ring preparation from the rabbit thoracic aorta, ACh produced marked relaxation at concentrations lower than those required to produce contraction (confirming an earlier report by Jelliffe). In investigating this apparent discrepancy, we discovered that the loss of relaxation of ACh in the case of the strip was the result of unintentional rubbing of its intimal surface against foreign surfaces during its preparation. If care was taken to avoid rubbing of the intimal surface during preparation, the tissue, whether ring, transverse strip or helical strip, always exhibited relaxation to ACh, and the possibility was considered that rubbing of the intimal surface had removed endothelial cells. We demonstrate here that relaxation of isolated preparations of rabbit thoracic aorta and other blood vessels by ACh requires the presence of endothelial cells, and that ACh, acting on muscarinic receptors of these cells, stimulates release of a substance(s) that causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle. We propose that this may be one of the principal mechanisms for ACh-induced vasodilation in vivo. Preliminary reports on some aspects of the work have been reported elsewhere.
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            Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle.

            M T Nelson, J Quayle (1995)
            This review examines the properties and roles of the four types of K+ channels that have been identified in the cell membrane of arterial smooth muscle cells. 1) Voltage-dependent K+ (KV) channels increase their activity with membrane depolarization and are important regulators of smooth muscle membrane potential in response to depolarizing stimuli. 2) Ca(2+)-activated K+ (KCa) channels respond to changes in intracellular Ca2+ to regulate membrane potential and play an important role in the control of myogenic tone in small arteries. 3) Inward rectifier K+ (KIR) channels regulate membrane potential in smooth muscle cells from several types of resistance arteries and may be responsible for external K(+)-induced dilations. 4) ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels respond to changes in cellular metabolism and are targets of a variety of vasodilating stimuli. The main conclusions of this review are: 1) regulation of arterial smooth muscle membrane potential through activation or inhibition of K+ channel activity provides an important mechanism to dilate or constrict arteries; 2) KV, KCa, KIR, and KATP channels serve unique functions in the regulation of arterial smooth muscle membrane potential; and 3) K+ channels integrate a variety of vasoactive signals to dilate or constrict arteries through regulation of the membrane potential in arterial smooth muscle.
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              International Union of Pharmacology. XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

              Nigel J M Birdsall, M Caulfield (1998)
              Article 0 comments Cited 168 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 September 2019
                Publication date Collection: September 2019
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 3340
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Herbal Pharmacology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; chocm456@ 123456naver.com
                [2 ]Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; ori-pharm@ 123456hanmail.net (B.K.); iham@ 123456khu.ac.kr (I.H.); niceday@ 123456khu.ac.kr (K.L.)
                [3 ]Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; sominleee@ 123456naver.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hychoi@ 123456khu.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0325
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8960-8351
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-4468
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8590-9480
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-24-03340
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183340
                PMC ID: 6767087
                PubMed ID: 31540312
                SO-VID: dea79166-7cc8-47de-910b-003f779d0f4c
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 19 August 2019
                Date accepted : 12 September 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: prunus mume (siebold) siebold & zucc.,vasorelaxation,endothelium-dependent,hypertension,cardiovascular disease,korean plum
                Data availability:
                Keywords: prunus mume (siebold) siebold & zucc., vasorelaxation, endothelium-dependent, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, korean plum

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