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      Social inequality in morbidity, framed within the current economic crisis in Spain.

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          Abstract

          Inspired by the 'Fundamental Cause Theory (FCT)' we explore social inequalities in preventable versus relatively less-preventable illnesses in Spain. The focus is on the education-health gradient, as education is one of the most important components of an individual's socioeconomic status (SES). Framed in the context of the recent economic crisis, we investigate the education gradient in depression, diabetes, and myocardial infarction (relatively highly preventable illnesses) and malignant tumors (less preventable), and whether this educational gradient varies across the regional-economic context and changes therein.

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          Agreement between self-report questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure.

          Yuji Okura, Lynn H. Urban, Douglas Mahoney … (2004)
          Questionnaires are used to estimate disease burden. Agreement between questionnaire responses and a criterion standard is important for optimal disease prevalence estimates. We measured the agreement between self-reported disease and medical record diagnosis of disease. A total of 2,037 Olmsted County, Minnesota residents > or =45 years of age were randomly selected. Questionnaires asked if subjects had ever had heart failure, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke. Medical records were abstracted. Self-report of disease showed >90% specificity for all these diseases, but sensitivity was low for heart failure (69%) and diabetes (66%). Agreement between self-report and medical record was substantial (kappa 0.71-0.80) for diabetes, hypertension, MI, and stroke but not for heart failure (kappa 0.46). Factors associated with high total agreement by multivariate analysis were age 12 years, and zero Charlson Index score (P < .05). Questionnaire data are of greatest value in life-threatening, acute-onset diseases (e.g., MI and stroke) and chronic disorders requiring ongoing management (e.g.,diabetes and hypertension). They are more accurate in young women and better-educated subjects.
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            Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression.

            Sarah van de Velde, Piet Bracke, Katia Levecque (2010)
            One of the most consistent findings in the social epidemiology of mental health is the gender gap in depression. Depression is approximately twice as prevalent among women as it is among men. However, the absence of comparable data hampers cross-national comparisons of the prevalence of depression in general populations. Using information about the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms from the third wave of the European Social Survey (ESS-3), we are able to fill the gap the absence of comparable data leaves. In the ESS-3, depression is measured with an eight-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale. In the current study, we examine depression among men and women aged 18-75 in 23 European countries. Our results indicate that women report higher levels of depression than men do in all countries, but there is significant cross-national variation in this gender gap. Gender differences in depression are largest in some of the Eastern and Southern European countries and smallest in Ireland, Slovakia and some Nordic countries. Hierarchical linear models show that socioeconomic as well as family-related factors moderate the relationship between gender and depression. Lower risk of depression is associated in both genders with marriage and cohabiting with a partner as well as with having a generally good socioeconomic position. In a majority of countries, socioeconomic factors have the strongest association with depression in both men and women. This research contributes new findings, expanding the small existing body of literature that presents highly comparable data on the prevalence of depression in women and men in Europe. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              How Many Countries for Multilevel Modeling? A Comparison of Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches

              Daniel Stegmueller (2013)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Equity Health
                Title: International journal for equity in health
                Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                ISSN (Electronic): 1475-9276
                ISSN (Print): 1475-9276
                Publication date (Electronic): Nov 14 2015
                Volume: 14
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centre for Urban Political Sociology and Policies, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ES-41013, Seville, Spain. arzapmoy@upo.es.
                [2 ] Health and Demographic Research (HeDeRa), Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Korte Meer 5, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. Veerle.Buffel@ugent.be.
                [3 ] Centre for Urban Political Sociology and Policies, Department of Sociology, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain. cnavyan@upo.es.
                [4 ] Health and Demographic Research (HeDeRa), Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Korte Meer 5, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. Piet.Bracke@ugent.be.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 10.1186/s12939-015-0217-4
                DOI: 10.1186/s12939-015-0217-4
                PMC ID: 4647807
                PubMed ID: 26572127
                SO-VID: 6b04ce69-9516-452d-a310-5bbce5f62d66
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