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      Proteomic-Based Insight into Malpighian Tubules of Silkworm Bombyx mori

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          Abstract

          Malpighian tubules (MTs) are highly specific organs of arthropods (Insecta, Myriapoda and Arachnida) for excretion and osmoregulation. In order to highlight the important genes and pathways involved in multi-functions of MTs, we performed a systematic proteomic analysis of silkworm MTs in the present work. Totally, 1,367 proteins were identified by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and as well as by Trans Proteomic Pipeline (TPP) and Absolute protein expression (APEX) analyses. Forty-one proteins were further identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Some proteins were revealed to be significantly associated with various metabolic processes, organic solute transport, detoxification and innate immunity. Our results might lay a good foundation for future functional studies of MTs in silkworm and other lepidoptera.

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          Using FlyAtlas to identify better Drosophila melanogaster models of human disease.

          Venkateswara Chintapalli, Jing WANG, Julian Dow … (2007)
          FlyAtlas, a new online resource, provides the most comprehensive view yet of expression in multiple tissues of Drosophila melanogaster. Meta-analysis of the data shows that a significant fraction of the genome is expressed with great tissue specificity in the adult, demonstrating the need for the functional genomic community to embrace a wide range of functional phenotypes. Well-known developmental genes are often reused in surprising tissues in the adult, suggesting new functions. The homologs of many human genetic disease loci show selective expression in the Drosophila tissues analogous to the affected human tissues, providing a useful filter for potential candidate genes. Additionally, the contributions of each tissue to the whole-fly array signal can be calculated, demonstrating the limitations of whole-organism approaches to functional genomics and allowing modeling of a simple tissue fractionation procedure that should improve detection of weak or tissue-specific signals.
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            Absolute protein expression profiling estimates the relative contributions of transcriptional and translational regulation.

            Peng Lu, Christine Vogel, Rong. Wang … (2007)
            We report a method for large-scale absolute protein expression measurements (APEX) and apply it to estimate the relative contributions of transcriptional- and translational-level gene regulation in the yeast and Escherichia coli proteomes. APEX relies upon correcting each protein's mass spectrometry sampling depth (observed peptide count) by learned probabilities for identifying the peptides. APEX abundances agree with measurements from controls, western blotting, flow cytometry and two-dimensional gels, as well as known correlations with mRNA abundances and codon bias, providing absolute protein concentrations across approximately three to four orders of magnitude. Using APEX, we demonstrate that 73% of the variance in yeast protein abundance (47% in E. coli) is explained by mRNA abundance, with the number of proteins per mRNA log-normally distributed about approximately 5,600 ( approximately 540 in E. coli) protein molecules/mRNA. Therefore, levels of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic proteins are set per mRNA molecule and independently of overall protein concentration, with >70% of yeast gene expression regulation occurring through mRNA-directed mechanisms.
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              Insect glutathione transferases and insecticide resistance.

              A A Enayati, H Ranson, J Hemingway (2005)
              Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a diverse family of enzymes found ubiquitously in aerobic organisms. They play a central role in the detoxification of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds and are also involved in intracellular transport, biosynthesis of hormones and protection against oxidative stress. Interest in insect GSTs has primarily focused on their role in insecticide resistance. GSTs can metabolize insecticides by facilitating their reductive dehydrochlorination or by conjugation reactions with reduced glutathione, to produce water-soluble metabolites that are more readily excreted. In addition, they contribute to the removal of toxic oxygen free radical species produced through the action of pesticides. Annotation of the Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster genomes has revealed the full extent of this enzyme family in insects. This mini review describes the insect GST enzyme family, focusing specifically on their role in conferring insecticide resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Vladimir N. Uversky: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 September 2013
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e75731
                Affiliations
                [1]State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology (Southwest University), Chongqing, China
                University of South Florida College of Medicine, United States of America
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: QX PZ. Performed the experiments: YZ XZ CH CW. Analyzed the data: YZ XZ QY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PZ YZ XZ. Wrote the paper: XZ YZ. Revised the manuscript: SL.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-25301
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075731
                PMC ID: 3787086
                PubMed ID: 24098719
                SO-VID: fa98effb-137d-452d-a12e-84a6ee590e64
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2013
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 18 June 2013
                Date accepted : 15 August 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Funding
                This work was supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB114604), http://www.973.gov.cn/Default_3.aspx, the National Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2011AA100306), http://www.863.gov.cn/, the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 31172157), http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/Portal0/default152.htm. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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