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      Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

      Author(s):
      Publication date:
      Journal: Lancet
      Keywords: Adrenal Cortex Hormones, therapeutic use, Airway Remodeling, physiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Biological Markers, blood, Bronchodilator Agents, Clinical Trials as Topic, Comorbidity, Drug Therapy, Combination, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Lung Transplantation, Oxidative Stress, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, physiopathology, therapy, Respiratory Function Tests, Respiratory Therapy, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, adverse effects, Smoking Cessation, Sputum, microbiology

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          Abstract

          Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by progressive airflow obstruction that is only partly reversible, inflammation in the airways, and systemic effects or comorbities. The main cause is smoking tobacco, but other factors have been identified. Several pathobiological processes interact on a complex background of genetic determinants, lung growth, and environmental stimuli. The disease is further aggravated by exacerbations, particularly in patients with severe disease, up to 78% of which are due to bacterial infections, viral infections, or both. Comorbidities include ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, and lung cancer. Bronchodilators constitute the mainstay of treatment: β(2) agonists and long-acting anticholinergic agents are frequently used (the former often with inhaled corticosteroids). Besides improving symptoms, these treatments are also thought to lead to some degree of disease modification. Future research should be directed towards the development of agents that notably affect the course of disease. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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          Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

          John R. Hurst, Jørgen Vestbo, Antonio Anzueto … (2010)
          Although we know that exacerbations are key events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), our understanding of their frequency, determinants, and effects is incomplete. In a large observational cohort, we tested the hypothesis that there is a frequent-exacerbation phenotype of COPD that is independent of disease severity. We analyzed the frequency and associations of exacerbation in 2138 patients enrolled in the Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) study. Exacerbations were defined as events that led a care provider to prescribe antibiotics or corticosteroids (or both) or that led to hospitalization (severe exacerbations). Exacerbation frequency was observed over a period of 3 years. Exacerbations became more frequent (and more severe) as the severity of COPD increased; exacerbation rates in the first year of follow-up were 0.85 per person for patients with stage 2 COPD (with stage defined in accordance with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] stages), 1.34 for patients with stage 3, and 2.00 for patients with stage 4. Overall, 22% of patients with stage 2 disease, 33% with stage 3, and 47% with stage 4 had frequent exacerbations (two or more in the first year of follow-up). The single best predictor of exacerbations, across all GOLD stages, was a history of exacerbations. The frequent-exacerbation phenotype appeared to be relatively stable over a period of 3 years and could be predicted on the basis of the patient's recall of previous treated events. In addition to its association with more severe disease and prior exacerbations, the phenotype was independently associated with a history of gastroesophageal reflux or heartburn, poorer quality of life, and elevated white-cell count. Although exacerbations become more frequent and more severe as COPD progresses, the rate at which they occur appears to reflect an independent susceptibility phenotype. This has implications for the targeting of exacerbation-prevention strategies across the spectrum of disease severity. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00292552.)
          Article 0 comments Cited 995 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper.

            W MacNee, , B Celli (2004)
            Article 0 comments Cited 481 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

              Peter Barnes (2008)
              Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both obstructive airway diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract, but the type of inflammation is markedly different between these diseases, with different patterns of inflammatory cells and mediators being involved. As described in this Review, these inflammatory profiles are largely determined by the involvement of different immune cells, which orchestrate the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells that drive the distinct patterns of structural changes in these diseases. However, it is now becoming clear that the distinction between these diseases becomes blurred in patients with severe asthma, in asthmatic subjects who smoke and during acute exacerbations. This has important implications for the development of new therapies.
              Article 0 comments Cited 387 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                PubMed ID:: 22314182
                DOI:: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry
                Keywords: Adrenal Cortex Hormones,therapeutic use,Airway Remodeling,physiology,Anti-Bacterial Agents,Biological Markers,blood,Bronchodilator Agents,Clinical Trials as Topic,Comorbidity,Drug Therapy, Combination,Genetic Predisposition to Disease,Humans,Lung Transplantation,Oxidative Stress,Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive,diagnosis,epidemiology,etiology,physiopathology,therapy,Respiratory Function Tests,Respiratory Therapy,Risk Factors,Severity of Illness Index,Smoking,adverse effects,Smoking Cessation,Sputum,microbiology
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry
                Keywords: Adrenal Cortex Hormones, therapeutic use, Airway Remodeling, physiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Biological Markers, blood, Bronchodilator Agents, Clinical Trials as Topic, Comorbidity, Drug Therapy, Combination, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Lung Transplantation, Oxidative Stress, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, physiopathology, therapy, Respiratory Function Tests, Respiratory Therapy, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Smoking, adverse effects, Smoking Cessation, Sputum, microbiology

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