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      Long-term maintenance of lung resident memory T cells is mediated by persistent antigen

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          Abstract

          Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) in the lungs are pivotal for protection against repeated infection with respiratory viruses. However, the gradual loss of these cells over time and the associated decline in clinical protection represent a serious limit in the development of efficient T-cell based vaccines against respiratory pathogens. Here, using an adenovirus expressing influenza nucleoprotein (AdNP) we show that CD8 TRM in the lungs can be maintained for at least one year post-vaccination. Our results reveal that lung TRM continued to proliferate in-situ 8 months after AdNP vaccination. Importantly, this required airway vaccination and antigen persistence in the lung, as non-respiratory routes of vaccination failed to support long-term lung TRM maintenance. Additionally, parabiosis experiments show that in AdNP vaccinated mice, the lung TRM pool is also sustained by continual replenishment from circulating memory CD8 T cells that differentiate into lung TRM, a phenomenon not observed in influenza infected parabiont partners. Concluding, these results demonstrates key requirements for long-lived cellular immunity to influenza virus, knowledge that could be utilized in future vaccine design.

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          Most cited references48

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          Coregulation of CD8+ T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection by multiple inhibitory receptors

          T cell exhaustion often occurs during chronic infections and prevents optimal viral control. The molecular pathways involved in T cell exhaustion, however, remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that exhausted CD8+ T cells are subject to complex layers of negative regulation due to co-expression of multiple inhibitory receptors. Exhausted CD8+ T cells expressed up to 7 inhibitory receptors. Co-expression of multiple distinct inhibitory receptors correlated with greater T cell exhaustion and more severe infection. Regulation of T cell exhaustion by diverse inhibitory pathways was non-redundant since blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 simultaneously in vivo synergistically improved T cell responses and reduced viral load. Thus, CD8+ T cell responses during chronic viral infections are regulated by complex patterns of co-expressed inhibitory receptors.
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            Human Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells Are Defined by Core Transcriptional and Functional Signatures in Lymphoid and Mucosal Sites.

            Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in mice mediate optimal protective immunity to infection and vaccination, while in humans, the existence and properties of TRMs remain unclear. Here, we use a unique human tissue resource to determine whether human tissue memory T cells constitute a distinct subset in diverse mucosal and lymphoid tissues. We identify a core transcriptional profile within the CD69+ subset of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lung and spleen that is distinct from that of CD69- TEM cells in tissues and circulation and defines human TRMs based on homology to the transcriptional profile of mouse CD8+ TRMs. Human TRMs in diverse sites exhibit increased expression of adhesion and inhibitory molecules, produce both pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, and have reduced turnover compared with circulating TEM, suggesting unique adaptations for in situ immunity. Together, our results provide a unifying signature for human TRM and a blueprint for designing tissue-targeted immunotherapies.
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              PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression.

              Functional impairment of T cells is characteristic of many chronic mouse and human viral infections. The inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1; also known as PDCD1), a negative regulator of activated T cells, is markedly upregulated on the surface of exhausted virus-specific CD8 T cells in mice. Blockade of this pathway using antibodies against the PD ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as CD274) restores CD8 T-cell function and reduces viral load. To investigate the role of PD-1 in a chronic human viral infection, we examined PD-1 expression on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8 T cells in 71 clade-C-infected people who were naive to anti-HIV treatments, using ten major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers specific for frequently targeted epitopes. Here we report that PD-1 is significantly upregulated on these cells, and expression correlates with impaired HIV-specific CD8 T-cell function as well as predictors of disease progression: positively with plasma viral load and inversely with CD4 T-cell count. PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells likewise showed a positive correlation with viral load and an inverse correlation with CD4 T-cell count, and blockade of the pathway augmented HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell function. These data indicate that the immunoregulatory PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is operative during a persistent viral infection in humans, and define a reversible defect in HIV-specific T-cell function. Moreover, this pathway of reversible T-cell impairment provides a potential target for enhancing the function of exhausted T cells in chronic HIV infection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Mucosal Immunology
                Mucosal Immunol
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                1933-0219
                1935-3456
                June 9 2020
                Article
                10.1038/s41385-020-0309-3
                436eca0d-faf9-4801-83c6-916dee6fb090
                © 2020

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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