Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

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The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation.

Noboru Mizushima, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Yoshinori Ohsumi (2011)

Macroautophagy is mediated by a unique organelle, the autophagosome, which encloses a portion of cytoplasm for delivery to the lysosome. Autophagosome formation is dynamically regulated by starvation and other stresses and involves complicated membrane reorganization. Since the discovery of yeast Atg-related proteins, autophagosome formation has been dissected at the molecular level. In this review we describe the molecular mechanism of autophagosome formation with particular focus on the function of Atg proteins and the long-standing discussion regarding the origin of the autophagosome membrane.

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A lysosome-to-nucleus signalling mechanism senses and regulates the lysosome via mTOR and TFEB

Carmine Settembre, Roberto Zoncu, Diego L Medina … (2012)

Introduction The lysosome maintains cellular homeostasis and mediates a variety of physiological processes, including cellular clearance, lipid homeostasis, energy metabolism, plasma membrane repair, bone remodelling, and pathogen defense. All these processes require an adaptive and dynamic response of the lysosome to environmental cues. Indeed, physiologic cues, such as ageing and diet, and pathologic conditions, which include lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), neurodegenerative diseases, injuries, and infections may generate an adaptive response of the lysosome (Luzio et al, 2007; Ballabio and Gieselmann, 2009; Saftig and Klumperman, 2009). Our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate lysosomal function and underlying lysosomal adaptation is still in an initial phase. A major player in the regulation of lysosomal biogenesis is the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) leucine zipper transcription factor, TFEB (Sardiello et al, 2009). Among the identified TFEB transcriptional targets are lysosomal hydrolases that are involved in substrate degradation, lysosomal membrane proteins that mediate the interaction of the lysosome with other cellular structures, and components of the vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase) complex that participate in lysosomal acidification (Sardiello et al, 2009; Palmieri et al, 2011). TFEB is also a main player in the transcriptional response to starvation and controls autophagy by positively regulating autophagosome formation and autophagosome–lysosome fusion both in vitro and in vivo (Settembre et al, 2011). TFEB activity and its nuclear translocation correlate with its phosphorylation status (Settembre and Ballabio, 2011; Settembre et al, 2011). However, it is still unclear how the cell regulates TFEB activity according to its needs. An intriguing hypothesis is that the lysosome senses the physiological and nutritional status of the cell and conveys this information to the nucleus to drive the activation of feedback gene expression programs. A ‘sensing device', which is responsive to the lysosomal amino acid content and involves both the v-ATPase and the master growth regulator mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), was recently identified on the lysosomal surface (Zoncu et al, 2011a). The interaction between amino acids and v-ATPase regulates Rag guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), which in turn activate mTORC1 by translocating it to the lysosomal surface (Sancak et al, 2008, 2010; Zoncu et al, 2011a). According to this mechanism, the lysosome participates in the signalling pathways regulated by mTOR, which controls several cellular biosynthetic and catabolic processes (Zoncu et al, 2011b). We postulated that TFEB uses the v-ATPase/mTORC1 sensing device on the lysosomal surface to modulate lysosomal function according to cellular needs. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that TFEB interacts with mTOR on the lysosomal membrane and, through this interaction, it senses the lysosomal content. Therefore, TFEB acts both as a sensor of lysosomal state, when on the lysosomal surface, and as an effector of lysosomal function when in the nucleus. This unique lysosome-to-nucleus signalling mechanism allows the lysosome to regulate its own function. Results TFEB responds to the lysosomal status We postulated that TFEB activity was regulated by the physiological status of the lysosome. Therefore, we tested whether disruption of lysosomal function had an impact on TFEB nuclear translocation. TFEB subcellular localization was analysed in HeLa and HEK-293T cells transiently transfected with a TFEB–3 × FLAG plasmid and treated overnight with several inhibitors of lysosomal function. These treatments included the use of chloroquine (CQ), an inhibitor of the lysosomal pH gradient, and Salicylihalamide A (SalA), a selective inhibitor of the v-ATPase (Xie et al, 2004), as well as overexpression of PAT1, an amino acid transporter that causes massive transport of amino acids out of the lysosomal lumen (Sagne et al, 2001). Immunofluorescence analysis showed a striking nuclear accumulation of TFEB–3 × FLAG in treated cells (Figure 1A and B). We repeated this analysis using an antibody detecting the endogenous TFEB (Supplementary Figure S1). Similarly to their effect on exogenously expressed TFEB, both amino acid starvation and lysosomal stress induced nuclear translocation of endogenous TFEB (Figure 1C). These observations were confirmed by immunoblotting performed after nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation (Figure 1D). Immunoblotting also revealed that TFEB nuclear accumulation was associated with a shift of TFEB–3 × FLAG to a lower molecular weight, suggesting that lysosomal stress may affect TFEB phosphorylation status (Figure 1D). mTORC1 regulates TFEB subcellular localization Based on the observation that mTORC1 resides on the lysosomal membrane and its activity is dependent on both nutrients and lysosomal function (Sancak et al, 2010; Zoncu et al, 2011a), we postulated that the effects of lysosomal stress on TFEB nuclear translocation may be mediated by mTORC1. Consistent with this idea, chloroquine or SalA inhibited mTORC1 activity as measured by level of p-P70S6K, a known mTORC1 substrate (Figure 2A; Zoncu et al, 2011a). The involvement of mTOR appears in contrast with our previous observation that Rapamycin, a known mTOR inhibitor, did not affect TFEB activity. However, recent data indicate that Rapamycin is a partial inhibitor of mTOR, as some substrates are still efficiently phosphorylated in the presence of this drug (Thoreen et al, 2009). Therefore, we used kinase inhibitors Torin 1 and Torin2, which belong to a novel class of molecules that target the mTOR catalytic site, thereby completely inhibiting mTOR activity (Feldman et al, 2009; Garcia-Martinez et al, 2009; Thoreen et al, 2009). We stimulated starved cells, in which TFEB is dephosphorylated and localized to the nucleus, with an amino acid rich medium supplemented with Torin 1 (250 nM), Rapamycin (2.5 μM), or ERK inhibitor U0126 (50 μM). Stimulation of starved cells with nutrients alone induced a significant TFEB molecular weight shift and re-localization to the cytoplasm (Figure 2B). Nutrient stimulation in the presence of the ERK inhibitor U0126 at a concentration of 50 μm induced only a partial TFEB molecular weight shift, suggesting that phosphorylation by ERK partially contributes to TFEB cytoplasmic localization. Treatment with 2.5 μM Rapamycin also resulted in a partial molecular weight shift but did not affect TFEB subcellular localization (Figure 2B), consistent with our previous observations (Settembre et al, 2011). However, Torin 1 (250 nM) treatment entirely prevented the molecular weight shift induced by nutrients and, in turn, resulted in massive TFEB nuclear accumulation. This conclusion is in contrast with a recent study that showed that mTOR-mediated TFEB phosphorylation promoted, rather than inhibited, its nuclear translocation (Pena-Llopis et al, 2011). Instead our data indicate that mTOR is a potent inhibitor of TFEB nuclear translocation and that TFEB is a rapamycin-resistant substrate of mTORC1. In a previous study, we showed that ERK2 phosphorylates TFEB and that starvation and ERK2 inhibition promote TFEB nuclear translocation (Settembre et al, 2011). We tested whether lysosomal stress caused TFEB nuclear translocation also via ERK inhibition. Overnight treatment of HeLa cells with either chloroquine or SalA did not have any effect on ERK activity (Figure 2A), suggesting that mTOR-mediated regulation is predominant. To quantify the effects of ERK and mTOR on TFEB subcellular localization, we developed a cell-based high content assay using stable HeLa cells that overexpress TFEB fused to the green fluorescent protein (TFEB–GFP) (see Materials and methods for details). We tested 10 different concentrations of each inhibitor (U0126, Rapamycin, Torin 1, and Torin 2) ranging from 2.54 nM to 50 μM. Figure 2C and D shows the TFEB nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution for each concentration of each compound in duplicate represented as dose–response curves using a non-linear regression fitting (see Materials and methods for details). Consistent with the above-described data, the most potent compounds that activate TFEB nuclear translocation were Torin 1 (EC50; 147.9 nM) and its analogue Torin 2 (EC50; 1666 nM). ERK inhibitor U0126 showed only a partial effect, while Rapamycin had no effects at any of the concentrations that are routinely used (10 nM–10 μM). Furthermore, Torin 1 treatment potently induced nuclear accumulation of endogenous TFEB in HEK-293T cells (Figure 2E), confirming the observations obtained with the TFEB–GFP construct. As Torin 1 inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes, we next evaluated the contribution of each complex to TFEB regulation. Three main observations suggest that TFEB is predominantly regulated by mTORC1: (1) stimulation of starved cells with amino acids, which activate mTORC1 but not mTORC2, induced an extensive TFEB molecular weight shift, which is highly suggestive of a phosphorylation event (Supplementary Figure S2); (2) knockdown of RagC and RagD, which mediate amino acid signals to mTORC1, caused TFEB nuclear accumulation even in cells kept in full nutrient medium (Figure 2F); (3) in cells with disrupted mTORC2 signalling (Sin1−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs)) (Frias et al, 2006; Jacinto et al, 2006; Yang et al, 2006) TFEB underwent a molecular weight shift and nuclear translocation upon Torin 1 treatment that were similar to control cells (Figure 2G). Together, these data indicate that mTORC1, not mTORC2, regulates TFEB by preventing its nuclear translocation. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation assays in HEK-293T cells expressing TFEB–3 × FLAG showed that TFEB binds both to mTOR and to the mTORC1 subunit raptor but not to the mTORC2 subunits rictor and mSin1, indicating that TFEB and mTORC1 interact both functionally and physically (Figure 2H). mTORC1 controls TFEB subcellular localization via phosphorylation of S142 We previously identified phosphorylation at Serine 142 as a key event for TFEB nuclear translocation during starvation (Settembre et al, 2011). To test whether mTORC1 phosphorylates TFEB at S142, we generated a phosphospecific antibody that recognizes TFEB only when phosphorylated at S142. No signal was detected by this antibody in cells that overexpress the S142A mutant version of TFEB, thus confirming its specificity (Supplementary Figure S3). Using this antibody, we observed that TFEB was no longer phosphorylated at S142 in HeLa cells stably overexpressing TFEB–3 × FLAG and cultured in nutrient-depleted media, consistent with our previous results (Figure 3A). Subsequently, we analysed the levels of S142 phosphorylation in starved cells supplemented with normal media with or without either Torin 1 or Rapamycin. While Torin 1 clearly blunted nutrient-induced S142 phosphorylation, rapamycin did not, suggesting that S142 represents a rapamycin-resistant mTORC1 site (Figure 3A). Indeed, an mTOR kinase assay revealed that mTORC1 phosphorylates highly purified TFEB in vitro with comparable efficiency to other known mTORC1 substrates, and this phosphorylation dropped dramatically when mTORC1 was incubated with the S142A mutant version of TFEB (Figure 3B). These results clearly demonstrate that TFEB is an mTOR substrate and that S142 is a key residue for the phosphorylation of TFEB by mTOR. Recent findings suggest that mTORC1 phosphorylates its target proteins at multiple sites (Hsu et al, 2011; Peterson et al, 2011; Yu et al, 2011). To identify additional serine residues that may be phosphorylated by mTOR, we searched for consensus phosphoacceptor motif for mTORC1 (Hsu et al, 2011) in the coding sequence of TFEB (Figure 3C and D). We mutagenized all TFEB amino acid residues that were putative mTORC1 targets into alanines. We then tested the effects of each of these mutations on TFEB subcellular localization and found that, similarly to S142A, a serine-to-alanine mutation at position 211 (S211A) resulted in a constitutive nuclear localization of TFEB (Figure 3E). Mutants for the other serine residues behaved similarly to wild-type TFEB (Figure 3E; Supplementary Figure S4; Settembre et al, 2011). Together, these data indicate that, in addition to S142, S211 also plays a role in controlling TFEB subcellular localization and suggest that S211 represents an additional target site of mTORC1. mTORC1 and TFEB interact on the lysosomal surface Based on the observations that TFEB is a substrate for mTORC1 (Figure 3A and B) and that the two proteins physically interact (Figure 2H), we tested whether the interaction of TFEB and mTORC1 occurs on the lysosomal membrane. Careful examination of HeLa cells that express TFEB–GFP showed that, while under normal growth conditions the majority of cells displayed a predominantly cytoplasmic TFEB localization, a subset of cells showed clearly discernible intracellular puncta of TFEB–GFP fluorescence, suggesting a lysosomal localization (Supplementary Figure S5). These observations were confirmed in MEFs that transiently express TFEB–GFP along with the late endosomal/lysosomal marker mRFP–Rab7 (Figure 4A). In a subset of cells, TFEB–GFP clearly colocalized with mRFP–Rab7-positive lysosomes and this association persisted over time as lysosomes trafficked inside the cell (Figure 4A and B; Supplementary Movie S1). We reasoned that the partial localization of TFEB to lysosomes may be due to a transient binding to mTORC1, followed by mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation and translocation of TFEB to the cytoplasm. To test this idea, we treated TFEB–GFP HeLa cells with Torin 1, as a way to ‘trap' TFEB in its bound state to inactive mTORC1. Confirming our hypothesis, Torin 1 caused a massive and dramatic accumulation of TFEB–GFP on lysosomes (Supplementary Figure S5). Similarly, Torin 1 treatment of MEFs resulted in a time-dependent accumulation of TFEB–GFP on lysosomes within minutes of drug delivery, followed by a more gradual accumulation into the nucleus (Figure 4C; Supplementary Movies S2 and S3). Interestingly, we also noticed that Torin 1 treatment caused a significant accumulation of endogenous mTOR on lysosomes compared with untreated cells (Figure 4D). Thus, two mechanisms contribute to clustering of TFEB on lysosomes upon Torin 1 treatment: (1) trapping of the mTORC1–TFEB complex in the inactive state and (2) increase of the amount of mTORC1 bound to the lysosomal surface. The accumulation of inactive mTORC1 on the lysosomal surface may reflect a feedback mechanism through which mTORC1 regulates its own targeting to lysosomal membranes via its kinase activity (Zoncu et al, 2011b). To investigate the lysosomal trapping of TFEB in a dynamic and quantitative way, we performed Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) experiments on TFEB–GFP-positive lysosomes (Figure 4E and F; Supplementary Movie S4). In control cells, photobleaching of TFEB–GFP-positive lysosomes was followed by a rapid (t 1/2=0.35 min) and substantial (60%) recovery of the initial fluorescence. Conversely, in Torin 1-treated cells, where TFEB–GFP-positive lysosomes were much more prominent and numerous, the fluorescence recovery was slower (t 1/2=0.57 min) and smaller (30% recovery of the initial fluorescence). Thus, a large fraction of TFEB was trapped onto the lysosomal surface through binding to inactive mTORC1 and was no longer able to exchange with the cytoplasm. In conclusion, these data indicate that TFEB and mTORC1 bind to each other on the lysosomal surface, where phosphorylation of TFEB by mTORC1 occurs. mTORC1 regulates TFEB via the Rag GTPases The observation that TFEB is regulated by mTORC1 prompted us to determine whether the activation state of the Rag GTPases, which together with the v-ATPase mediate mTORC1 activation by amino acids, played a role in the control of TFEB subcellular localization. Point mutants of the Rags are available, which fully mimic either the presence of amino acids (‘RagsCA') or their absence (‘RagsDN') (Sancak et al, 2008). We took advantage of these mutants to directly test the requirement for mTORC1 in sequestering TFEB to the lysosome and we asked whether the RagsDN mutants, which cause loss of mTORC1 from the lysosomal surface (Sancak et al, 2010), were able to suppress Torin 1-induced lysosomal accumulation of TFEB as well as TFEB-mTORC1 binding. In co-immunoprecipitation assays, Torin 1 clearly boosted the binding of both raptor and mTOR to TFEB–3 × FLAG (Figure 4G). However, co-expression of the RagsDN mutants reduced the binding of TFEB–3 × FLAG to mTORC1 components down to background levels, both in control and in Torin 1-treated cells (Figure 4G). Consistent with these results, immunofluorescence experiments in HEK-293T co-expressing TFEB–3 × FLAG and the RagsDN mutants showed that TFEB failed to cluster on lysosomes following Torin 1 treatment (Figure 4H). Together, these data strongly suggest that TFEB and mTORC1 only interact when they are both found on the lysosomal surface. Next, we tested whether the activation status of the Rags controlled TFEB nuclear translocation. In HEK-293T cells that co-express TFEB–3 × FLAG and a control small GTPase (Rap2A), amino acid withdrawal caused a massive translocation of TFEB to the nucleus (Figure 5A and D), as previously reported (Settembre et al, 2011). Consistent with mTORC1 re-activation, a brief (20 min) re-stimulation of starved cells with amino acids drove TFEB out of the nucleus in the majority of cells (Figure 5A). In contrast, in cells that co-express both TFEB–3 × FLAG and the RagsCA mutants, TFEB localization was always and completely cytoplasmic, regardless of the nutrient state of the cells (Figure 5B and D). Finally, in cells that co-express both TFEB and the RagsDN mutants, TFEB was almost exclusively found in the nucleus and did not translocate to the cytoplasm upon amino acid stimulation (Figure 5C and D). Thus, the activation state of the Rags completely overrides the nutritional status of the cells and is sufficient to determine TFEB localization. It was previously shown that the RagsCA rescue the inhibitory effect of various lysosomal stressors on mTORC1 activation (Zoncu et al, 2011a). Thus, we asked whether the RagsCA mutants were able to prevent the TFEB nuclear translocation promoted by these stressors (Figures 1A–D and 5E). In cells that co-express both TFEB–3 × FLAG and the RagsCA mutants, TFEB remained entirely cytoplasmic upon treatment with Chloroquine and SalA (Figure 5F and G), while it was nuclear in the vast majority of cells that express a control GTPase and were subject to the same drug treatments (Figure 5E and G). Importantly, treatment of cells co-expressing TFEB–GFP and RagCA with Torin 1 reverted the RagCA-induced cytoplasmic localization of TFEB and massively drove TFEB to the nucleus, further demonstrating that the action of the Rag mutants on TFEB is mediated by mTORC1 (Supplementary Figure S6). In summary, these results demonstrate that TFEB localization is directly regulated by the amino acid-mTORC1 signalling pathway via the activation state of Rag GTPases. The lysosome regulates gene expression via TFEB As the interaction of TFEB with mTORC1 on the lysosomal membrane controls TFEB nuclear translocation, we tested whether the ability of TFEB to regulate gene expression was also influenced by this interaction. The expression of several lysosomal/autophagic genes that were shown to be targets of TFEB (Palmieri et al, 2011) was tested in primary hepatocytes from a conditional knockout mouse line in which TFEB was deleted in the liver (Tcfebflox/flox; alb-CRE), and in a control mouse line (Tcfebflox/flox). Cells were treated with either chloroquine or Torin 1, or left untreated. These treatments inhibited mTOR as measured by the level of p-S6K, whereas the levels of p-ERK were unaffected (Figure 6A). Primary hepatocytes isolated from TFEB conditional knockout mice cultured in regular medium did not show significant differences in the expression levels of several TFEB target genes compared with control hepatocytes (Supplementary Figure S7). However, while the expression of TFEB target genes was upregulated in hepatocytes from control mice after treatment with chloroquine, this upregulation was significantly blunted in hepatocytes from TFEB conditional knockout mice (Figure 6B). Similarly, the transcriptional response upon Torin 1 treatment was significantly reduced in hepatocytes from TFEB conditional knockout mice (Figure 6C). Together, these results indicate that TFEB plays a key role in the transcriptional response induced by the lysosome via mTOR. Discussion Our study demonstrates that TFEB, a master gene for lysosomal biogenesis, is regulated by the lysosome via the mTOR pathway. mTORC1 and TFEB meet on the lysosomal membrane where mTORC1 phosphorylates TFEB. We previously reported that ERK2 phosphorylates TFEB and, in cells treated with an MEK inhibitor, the TFEB nuclear fraction was increased (Settembre et al, 2011). In the same study, we reported that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin had little or no effects on TFEB subcellular localization. Here, we compared three different types of kinase inhibitors—MEK inhibitor U0126 and mTOR inhibitors rapamycin, Torin 1, and Torin 2—in their ability to cause a shift in TFEB molecular weight and to induce TFEB nuclear translocation. As shown in Figure 2, Torin 1 and Torin 2 induced TFEB nuclear translocation more efficiently compared to U0126. The more pronounced shift of TFEB molecular weight, which was observed in cells treated with Torin 1, suggests that mTORC1 induces TFEB phosphorylation at multiple sites, either directly or indirectly. In a recent high throughput mass spectrometry study, TFEB was predicted to be phosphorylated at 11 different residues, thus suggesting a complex regulation of its activity with several phosphorylation sites potentially involved (Dephoure et al, 2008). Here, we have used an mTORC1 in-vitro kinase assay and a phosphoantibody to demonstrate that serine S142, which we previously found to be phosphorylated by ERK2, is also phosphorylated by mTOR and that this phosphorylation has a crucial role in controlling TFEB subcellular localization and activity. In addition, we have mutated 12 different serines, which were candidate mTOR phosphorylation sites, into alanines, thus abolishing the corresponding TFEB phosphorylation sites. Testing the effects of each of these mutations on TFEB subcellular localization led to the identification of an additional residue, serine S211, which plays a role in TFEB subcellular localization, confirming the predicted complexity of TFEB regulation by phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of TFEB by mTOR had already been reported in a previous study (Pena-Llopis et al, 2011). However, in that study the authors concluded that mTOR promoted, rather than inhibited, TFEB activity. Several lines of evidence indicate that mTOR inhibits TFEB activity. First, TFEB is entirely nuclear when cells are either starved or treated with Torin1, both conditions in which mTOR activity is profoundly inhibited. Second, treatment of starved cells with nutrients, a condition that boosts mTORC1 activity, resulted in TFEB cytoplasmic accumulation, with TFEB being undetectable in the nuclear fraction. Third, treatment with drugs such as chloroquine or SalA, which inhibit mTORC1 function, induced TFEB nuclear accumulation. Fourth, transfection of mutant Rag proteins that inhibit mTORC1 resulted in nuclear accumulation of TFEB and, conversely, mutant Rags that constitutively activate mTORC1 prevented TFEB nuclear accumulation upon starvation, chloroquine and SalA treatment. Fifth, TFEB is in the nucleus in its low-phosphorylated form, an observation that is consistent with a model in which inhibition, rather than activation, of a kinase induces TFEB nuclear translocation. It is difficult to explain the discrepancy between our observations and those reported by Pena-Llopis et al. We considered the possibility that the TSC2-deficient cells that were used in that study may behave differently to other cellular systems in the assays performed. To test this possibility, we analysed TFEB regulation by amino acids, chloroquine and Torin 1 in TSC2−/− cells but obtained the same results that we observed in other cell types both on exogenous TFEB–GFP and on endogenous TFEB (Supplementary Figures S8 and S9, respectively). Our data indicate that mTORC1 negatively regulates TFEB via the amino acid/Rag GTPase pathway. The phosphorylation status of TFEB and its subcellular localization were entirely determined by the activation state of the Rag GTPases, which regulate mTORC1 activity downstream of amino acids (Kim et al, 2008; Sancak et al, 2008). In particular, constitutively active Rags rescued nuclear translocation of TFEB caused by starvation and lysosomal stress, while inactive Rag mutants caused TFEB to accumulate in the nucleus even in fully fed cells. These results imply that, among the many regulatory inputs to mTORC1, the amino acid pathway is particularly important in controlling TFEB activity and plays not only a permissive but also an instructive role. This idea is further supported by our observation that constitutive activation of the growth factor inputs to mTORC1 that occurs in TSC2−/− cells cannot prevent TFEB nuclear accumulation caused by starvation and lysosomal stress. Future work will be required to address how each upstream input to mTOR contributes to TFEB regulation. Nonetheless, compounded with recent evidence showing that amino acid sensing by the v-ATPase/Rag GTPase/mTORC1 may begin in the lysosomal lumen (Zoncu et al, 2011a) our findings substantiate the role of TFEB as the end point of a lysosome-sensing and signalling pathway. Our data shed light into the logic that underlies the control of TFEB localization. In fully fed cells, a fraction of TFEB could always be found on lysosomes, although the majority appeared to freely diffuse in the cytoplasm. The lysosomal localization of TFEB is associated with its ability to physically bind mTORC1, as shown by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Moreover, time-lapse analysis of TFEB–GFP in cells treated with Torin 1 showed that TFEB clustered on lysosomes shortly after the onset of drug treatment, and then progressively appeared in the nucleus (Supplementary Movies S2 and S3). Together, these results suggest the following model of control of TFEB subcellular localization and activity (Figure 7). At any given time, a fraction of TFEB rapidly and transiently binds to the lysosomal surface, where it is phosphorylated by mTORC1 and thus kept in the cytoplasm. Nutrient withdrawal, v-ATPase inhibition, and lysosomal stress inactivate the Rag GTPases, causing loss of mTORC1 from the lysosome and resulting in failure to re-phosphorylate TFEB. Unphosphorylated TFEB progressively accumulates in the nucleus, where it activates lysosomal gene expression programs aimed at correcting the defective nutrient and/or pH status of the lysosome. In this model, the lysosome represents a bottleneck where mTORC1 tightly regulates the amount of TFEB that is allowed to reach the nucleus. mTORC1 may regulate a yet undiscovered TFEB function at the lysosome. This possibility is supported by the observation that blocking mTORC1 activity with Torin 1 resulted in a dramatic accumulation of TFEB not only in the nucleus but also on lysosomes, which was visible as increased binding to mTORC1 in co-IP assays, as well as reduced mobility in FRAP experiments. Future work will address what function, if any, TFEB performs on the lysosomal surface. Interestingly, recent evidence indicating that TFEB regulates multiple aspects of lysosomal dynamics, including the propensity of lysosomes to fuse with the plasma membrane (Medina et al, 2011), suggests that the range of biological functions of TFEB still needs to be fully elucidated. Our data further emphasize the emerging role of the lysosome as a key signalling centre. In particular, a molecular machinery that connects the presence of amino acids in the lysosomal lumen to the activation of mTORC1 indicates a new role for the lysosome in nutrient sensing and cellular growth control (Rabinowitz and White, 2010; Singh and Cuervo, 2011; Zoncu et al, 2011a). It also suggests that mTORC1 participates in a lysosomal adaptation mechanism that enables cells to cope with starvation and lysosomal stress conditions (Yu et al, 2010). This mechanism responds to a wide range of signals that relay the metabolic state of the cell, as well as the presence of various stress stimuli. For instance, loss of lysosomal proton gradient, caused by either energy depletion or pathological conditions, may suppress mTORC1 activity, either by blocking the proton-coupled transport of nutrients to and from the lysosome, or by directly affecting the v-ATPase (Marshansky, 2007). Similarly, lysosomal membrane permeabilization observed in certain LSDs and neurodegenerative diseases may result in nutrient leakage and suppression of mTORC1 (Dehay et al, 2010; Kirkegaard et al, 2010). We found that the transcriptional response of lysosomal and autophagy genes to starvation and mTOR inhibition by Torin 1 was hampered in hepatocytes from mice carrying a liver-specific conditional knockout of TFEB, demonstrating that TFEB is a main mediator of this response. Therefore, TFEB translates a lysosomal signal into a transcriptional program. This lysosome-to-nucleus signalling mechanism, which operates a feedback regulation of lysosomal function, presents intriguing parallels with the sterol sensing pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum, where cholesterol depletion and ER stress cause the nuclear translocation of the Sterol Responsive Element Binding Protein (SREBP) transcription factor, which then activates gene expression programs that enhance cholesterol synthesis and ER function (Wang et al, 1994; Peterson et al, 2011). Another example is represented by the mitochondria retrograde signalling pathway, in which mitochondrial dysfunction activates factors such as NFκB, NFAT, and ATF, through altered Ca2+ dynamics (Butow and Avadhani, 2004). Finally, as TFEB overexpression was able to promote substrate clearance and to rescue cellular vacuolization in LSDs (Medina et al, 2011), the identification of a lysosome-based, mTOR-mediated, mechanism that regulates TFEB activity offers a new tool to promote cellular clearance in health and disease. Materials and methods Cell culture HeLa and HEK-293T cells were purchased from ATCC and cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 200 mM L-glutamine, 100 mM sodium pyruvate, penicillin 100 units/ml, streptomycin 100 mg/ml, 5% CO2 at 37°C. Primary hepatocytes were generated as follow: 2-month-old mice were deeply anaesthetized with Avertin (240 mg/kg) and perfused first with 25 ml of HBSS (Sigma H6648) supplemented with 10 mM HEPES and 0.5 mM EGTA and after with a similar solution containing 100 U/ml of Collagenase (Wako) and 0.05 mg/ml of Trypsin inhibitor (Sigma). Liver was dissociated in a petri dish, cell pellet was washed in HBSS and plated at density of 5 × 105 cells/35 mm dish and cultured in William's medium E supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM glutamine, 0.1 μM Insulin, 1 μM Dexamethasone and pen/strep. The next day, cells were treated as described in the text. Sin1−/− and control MEFs were generated as previously described (Jacinto et al, 2006) and maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, glutamine and pen/strep. TSC2+/+ p53−/− and TSC2−/− p53−/− MEFs, kindly provided by David Kwiatkowski (Harvard Medical School), were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, glutamine and pen/strep. Generation of a Tcfebflox mouse line We used publicly available embryonic stem (ES) cell clones (http://www.eucomm.org/) in which Tcfeb was targeted by homologous recombination at exons 4 and 5. The recombinant ES cell clones were injected into blastocysts, which were used to generate a mouse line carrying the engineered allele. Liver-specific KO was generated crossing the Flox/Flox mice with a transgenic line expressing the CRE under the Albumin promoter (ALB-CRE) obtained from the Jackson laboratory. All procedures involving mice were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Baylor College of Medicine. Plasmids and cell transfection Cells were transiently transfected with DNA plasmids pRK5-mycPAT1, pRK5-HAGST-Rap2A, pRK5-HAGST-RagB and its Q99L (CA) and T54N (DN) mutants, pRK5-HAGST-RagD and its Q121L (DN) and S77L (CA) mutants; pTFEB-GFP, and pCMV-TFEB-3 × FLAG using lipofectamine2000 or LTX (Invitrogen) according to the protocol from manufacturer. Site-direct mutagenesis was performed according to the manufacturer instructions (Stratagene) verifying the correct mutagenesis by sequencing. Drugs and cellular treatments The following drugs were used: Rapamycin (2.5 μM, otherwise indicated) from Sigma; Torin 1 and Torin 2 (250 nM, otherwise indicated) from Biomarine; U0126 (50 μM) from Cell Signaling Technology; Chloroquine (100 μM) from Sigma; Salicylihalamide A (2 μM) was a kind gift from Jeff De Brabander (UT Southwestern). Immunoblotting and antibodies The mouse anti-TFEB monoclonal antibody was purchased from My Biosource catalogue No. MBS120432. To generate anti-pS142 specific antibodies, rabbits were immunized with the following peptide coupled to KLH: AGNSAPN{pSer}PMAMLHIC. Following the fourth immunization, rabbits were sacrificed and the serum was collected. Non-phosphospecific antibodies were depleted from the serum by circulation through a column containing the non-phosphorylated antigene. The phosphospecific antibodies were next affinity purified using a column containing the phosphorylated peptide. Cells were lysed with M-PER buffer (Thermo) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma); nuclear/cytosolic fractions were isolated as previously described (Settembre et al, 2011). Proteins were separated by SDS–PAGE (Invitrogen; reduced NuPAGE 4–12% Bis-tris Gel, MES SDS buffer). If needed, the gel was stained using 20 ml Imperial Protein Stain (Thermo Fisher) at room temperature for 1 h and de-stained with water. Immunoblotting analysis was performed by transferring the protein onto a nitrocellulose membrane with an I-Blot (Invitrogen). The membrane was blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBS-T buffer (TBS containing 0.05% Tween-20) and incubated with primary antibodies anti-FLAG and anti-TUBULIN (Sigma; 1:2000), anti-H3 (Cell Signaling; 1:10 000) at room temperature for 2 h whereas the following antibodies were incubated ON in 5% BSA: anti-TFEB (My Biosource; 1:1000), anti-P TFEB (1:1000) ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, p-P70S6K, P70S6K (Cell Signaling; 1:1000). The membrane was washed three times with TBS-T buffer and incubated with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated IgG (Promega; 0.2 mg/ml) at room temperature for 1 h. The membrane was washed three times with TBS buffer and the expressed proteins were visualized by adding 10 ml Western Blue® Stabilized Substrate (Promega). In-vitro kinase assays FLAG–S6K1, TFEB–3 × FLAG, and TFEBS142A–3 × FLAG were purified from transiently transfected HEK-293T cells treated with 250 nM Torin 1 for 1 h and lysed in RIPA lysis buffer. The cleared lysates were incubated with FLAG affinity beads (Sigma) for 2 h, washed four times in RIPA containing 500 mM NaCl, and eluted for 1 h at 4°C using a competing FLAG peptide. mTORC1 was purified from HEK-293T cells stably expressing FLAG raptor in 0.3% CHAPS using FLAG affinity beads. Kinase assays were preincubated for 10 min at 4°C before addition of ATP, and then for 30 min at 30°C in a final volume of 25 μl consisting of kinase buffer (25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2) active mTORC1, 250–500 nM substrate, 50 μM ATP, 1 μCi [γ-32P]ATP, and when indicated 250 nM Torin 1. Reactions were stopped by the addition of 6 μl of sample buffer, boiled for 5 min, and analysed by SDS–PAGE followed by autoradiography. Immunoprecipitation assays HEK-293T cells that express FLAG-tagged proteins were rinsed once with ice-cold PBS and lysed in ice-cold lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 40 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 2 mM EGTA, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.3% CHAPS, and one tablet of EDTA-free protease inhibitors (Roche) per 25 ml). The soluble fractions from cell lysates were isolated by centrifugation at 13 000 r.p.m. for 10 min in a microfuge. For immunoprecipitations, 35 μl of a 50% slurry of anti-FLAG affinity gel (Sigma) was added to each lysate and incubated with rotation for 2–3 h at 4°C. Immunoprecipitates were washed three times with lysis buffer. Immunoprecipitated proteins were denatured by the addition of 35 μl of sample buffer and boiling for 5 min, resolved by 8–16% SDS–PAGE, and analysed by immunoblotting. Immunofluorescence assays on HEK-293T cells HEK-293T cells were plated on fibronectin-coated glass coverslips in 35 mm tissue culture dishes, at 300 000 cells/dish. In all, 12–16 h later, cells were transfected with 100 ng of TFEB–3 × FLAG, along with 200 ng Rap2A or Rag GTPase mutants. The next day, cells were subjected to drug treatments or starvation, rinsed with PBS once and fixed for 15 min with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at RT. The slides were rinsed twice with PBS and cells were permeabilized with 0.05% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 min. After rinsing twice with PBS, the slides were incubated with primary antibody in 5% normal donkey serum for 1 h at room temperature, rinsed four times with PBS, and incubated with secondary antibodies produced in donkey (diluted 1:1000 in 5% normal donkey serum) for 45 min at room temperature in the dark, washed four times with PBS. Slides were mounted on glass coverslips using Vectashield (Vector Laboratories) and imaged on a spinning disk confocal system (Perkin-Elmer). High content nuclear translocation assay TFEB–GFP cells were seeded in 384-well plates, incubated for 12 h, and treated with 10 different concentrations of ERK inhibitor U0126 (Sigma-Aldrich) and mTOR inhibitors Rapamycin (Sigma-Aldrich), Torin 1 (Biomarin), and Torin 2 (Biomarin), ranging from 2.54 nM to 50 μM. After 3 h at 37°C in RPMI medium, cells were washed, fixed, and stained with DAPI. For the acquisition of the images, 10 pictures per each well of the 384-well plate were taken by using confocal automated microscopy (Opera high content system; Perkin-Elmer). A dedicated script was developed to perform the analysis of TFEB localization on the different images (Acapella software; Perkin-Elmer). The script calculates the ratio value resulting from the average intensity of nuclear TFEB–GFP fluorescence divided by the average of the cytosolic intensity of TFEB–GFP fluorescence. The results were normalized using negative (RPMI medium) and positive (HBSS starvation) control samples in the same plate. The data are represented by the percentage of nuclear translocation at the different concentrations of each compound using Prism software (GraphPad software). The EC50 for each compound was calculated using non-linear regression fitting (Prism software). Live cell imaging and photobleaching protocol MEFs were transiently transfected with TFEB–GFP and mRFP–Rab7 by nucleofection (Lonza). Cells were plated on glass bottom 35 mm dishes (MatTek Corp.) at a density of 300 000 cells/dish. The next day, cells were transferred to a physiological imaging buffer (130 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 25 mM HEPES) supplemented with 5 mM glucose and imaged on a spinning disk confocal microscope (Andor Technology) with a 488-nm and a 561-nm laser through a × 63 objective. To achieve photobleaching of individual TFEB–GFP-positive lysosomes, areas of interest were drawn around selected spots, and movie acquisition was started. Sixty seconds later, the spots were photobleached with a high power (50 mM) 488 nm pulse (100 μs/pixel illumination) using the Andor FRAPPA unit. FRAP analysis The fluorescence recovery of photobleached TFEB-GFP-positive lysosomes was analysed using custom-written plugins in ImageJ (National Institutes of Health). Circular areas of interest were drawn around the spots to be analysed, and the integrated fluorescence within these areas was measured throughout the movie. Fluorescence intensity traces from 5 to 10 spots per condition were normalized to the initial value and time aligned, and their mean and s.d. were calculated using Microsoft Excel. Final plots and curve fitting were made with Prism (GraphPad). RNA extraction, quantitative PCR, and statistical analysis Total RNA was extracted from cells using TRIzol (Invitrogen). Reverse transcription was performed using TaqMan reverse transcription reagents (Applied Biosystems). Lysosomal and autophagic gene-specific primers were previously reported (Settembre et al, 2011). Fold change values were calculated using the DDCt method. Briefly, GAPDH and Cyclophillin were used as ‘normalizer' genes to calculate the DCt value. Next, the DDCt value was calculated between the ‘control' group and the ‘experimental' group. Lastly, the fold change was calculated using 2(-DDCt). Biological replicates were grouped in the calculation of the fold change values. Unpaired T-Test was used to calculate statistical significance. Asterisks in the graph indicate that the P-value was <0.05. mTORC1 phosphosite prediction In order to identify possible phosphosites that may be targeted by mTORC1, we developed a simple method that quantifies the agreement between regions around serine or threonine sites in TFEB and the mTORC1 phosphorylation motif (Hsu et al, 2011). The method calculates the score according to a position-specific score matrix for an amino acid at given distance from the phosphosite of interest. The position starts from −5 and runs to +4. The phosphosite is set at position 0. If there is another serine or threonine in this interval, that residue's score is skipped in the sum. We used MyDomains tool in prosite/expasy.org to sketch the functional domains of TFEB. Domain information was retrieved from UniProt/SwissProt database. Human TFEB and its orthologue sequences were aligned by ClustalW (version 2.0.12), using the default parameters. Supplementary Material Supplementary Movie 1 Supplementary Movie 2 Supplementary Movie 3 Supplementary Movie 4 Supplementary Information Review Process File

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Intrinsically unstructured proteins: re-assessing the protein structure-function paradigm.

Peter E. Wright, H.Jane Dyson (1999)

A major challenge in the post-genome era will be determination of the functions of the encoded protein sequences. Since it is generally assumed that the function of a protein is closely linked to its three-dimensional structure, prediction or experimental determination of the library of protein structures is a matter of high priority. However, a large proportion of gene sequences appear to code not for folded, globular proteins, but for long stretches of amino acids that are likely to be either unfolded in solution or adopt non-globular structures of unknown conformation. Characterization of the conformational propensities and function of the non-globular protein sequences represents a major challenge. The high proportion of these sequences in the genomes of all organisms studied to date argues for important, as yet unknown functions, since there could be no other reason for their persistence throughout evolution. Clearly the assumption that a folded three-dimensional structure is necessary for function needs to be re-examined. Although the functions of many proteins are directly related to their three-dimensional structures, numerous proteins that lack intrinsic globular structure under physiological conditions have now been recognized. Such proteins are frequently involved in some of the most important regulatory functions in the cell, and the lack of intrinsic structure in many cases is relieved when the protein binds to its target molecule. The intrinsic lack of structure can confer functional advantages on a protein, including the ability to bind to several different targets. It also allows precise control over the thermodynamics of the binding process and provides a simple mechanism for inducibility by phosphorylation or through interaction with other components of the cellular machinery. Numerous examples of domains that are unstructured in solution but which become structured upon binding to the target have been noted in the areas of cell cycle control and both transcriptional and translational regulation, and unstructured domains are present in proteins that are targeted for rapid destruction. Since such proteins participate in critical cellular control mechanisms, it appears likely that their rapid turnover, aided by their unstructured nature in the unbound state, provides a level of control that allows rapid and accurate responses of the cell to changing environmental conditions. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Autophagy

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Autophagy

Journal ID (publisher-id): KAUP

Journal ID (publisher-id): kaup20

Title: Autophagy

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

ISSN (Print): 1554-8627

ISSN (Electronic): 1554-8635

Publication date Collection: January 2016

Publication date (Electronic): 21 January 2016

Volume: 12

Issue: 1

Pages: 1-222

Affiliations

[1 ] A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology , Singapore

[2 ] A. Mickiewicz University, Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology , Poznań, Poland

[3 ] Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center , Aarhus, Denmark

[4 ] Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus, Denmark

[5 ] Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine , Aarhus, Denmark

[6 ] Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus, Denmark

[7 ] Aarhus University, Medical Research Laboratory, Institute for Clinical Medicine , Aarhus, Denmark

[8 ] Alberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences , Penglais, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK

[9 ] Academia Sinica, Institute of Biological Chemistry , Taipei, Taiwan

[10 ] Academia Sinica, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Taipei, Taiwan

[11 ] Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology , Taipei, Taiwan

[12 ] Academic Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[13 ] Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology and Histology , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[14 ] Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288 , Campus de Luminy, Marseille, France

[15 ] Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Medicine Faculty , Marseille, France

[16 ] Aix-Marseille Université, U2M, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy , Marseille, France

[17 ] Ajou University, College of Pharmacy , Gyeonggido, Korea

[18 ] Ajou University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology , Gyeonggi-do, Korea

[19 ] Akershus University Hospital , Oslo, Norway

[20 ] Akita University, Graduate School of Medicine , Akita, Japan

[21 ] Al Jalila Foundation Research Centre , Dubai, UAE

[22 ] Albany Medical College, Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience , Albany, NY, USA

[23 ] Albert Einstein Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA

[24 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY, USA

[25 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology , Bronx, NY, USA

[26 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Institute for Aging Studies , Bronx, NY, USA

[27 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Bronx, NY, USA

[28 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Bronx, NY, USA

[29 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Bronx, NY, USA

[30 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Departments of Biochemistry and of Medicine , Bronx, NY, USA

[31 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology) and Molecular Pharmacology , Bronx, NY, USA

[32 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology , Bronx, NY, USA

[33 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , New York, NY, USA

[34 ] Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, NY, USA

[35 ] Albert Ludwigs University, Renal Division , Freiburg, Germany

[36 ] All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy , New Delhi, India

[37 ] All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Gastroenterology , New Delhi, India

[38 ] All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology , New Delhi, India

[39 ] Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine , Providence, RI, USA

[40 ] Amorepacific Corporation RandD Center, Bioscience Research Institute , Gyeonggi, Korea

[41 ] Anhui University of Science and Technology, Department of Immunology and Medical Inspection , Huainan, Anhui, China

[42 ] Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation , Alachua, FL, USA

[43 ] Asahi University, Department of Internal Medicine , Gifu, Japan

[44 ] Asahi University, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Microbiology, Division of Oral Infections and Health Sciences , Mizuho, Gifu, Japan

[45 ] Asahikawa Medical University, Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine , Hokkaido, Japan

[46 ] Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences , Seoul, Korea

[47 ] Asia University, Department of Biotechnology , Taichung, Taiwan

[48 ] Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Decatur, GA

[49 ] Austral University-CONICET, Gene and Cell Therapy Laboratory , Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[50 ] Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Barcelona, Spain

[51 ] Babraham Institute , Cambridge, UK

[52 ] Babraham Institute, Signalling Program , Cambridge, UK

[53 ] Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Molecular Cardiology Laboratory , Melbourne, Australia

[54 ] Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[55 ] Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics , Houston, TX, USA

[56 ] Baylor University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute , Dallas, TX

[57 ] Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK

[58 ] Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Duarte, CA, USA

[59 ] Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Department of Neuroscience, Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Science , Duarte, CA, USA

[60 ] Beechcroft, Fulbourn Hospital , Cambridge, UK

[61 ] Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases , Beijing, China

[62 ] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing, China

[63 ] Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Department of Molecular Orthopedics, Beijing Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics , Beijing, China

[64 ] Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Cell Death Regulation Group , Barcelona, Spain

[65 ] Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory , Barcelona, Spain

[66 ] Ben-Gurion University, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel

[67 ] Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Mental Health Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Psychiatry Research Unit , Beer-Sheva, Israel

[68 ] Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , Hamburg, Germany

[69 ] Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Medical Genetics , Boston, MA, USA

[70 ] Binghamton University, State University of New York , Binghamton, NY, USA

[71 ] Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Parkville, Victoria, Australia

[72 ] Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR5004 CNRS/INRA/UM2/SupAgro, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes , Montpellier, France

[73 ] Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research , Athens, Greece

[74 ] Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases , Athens, Attiki, Greece

[75 ] Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB) , Groningen, The Netherlands

[76 ] BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies , Freiburg, Germany

[77 ] Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, General and Molecular Pathophysiology Department , Kiev, Ukraine

[78 ] Boise State University , Department of Biological Sciences, Boise, ID, USA

[79 ] Boston Children's Hospital, F.M. Kirby Neuroscience Center , Boston, MA, USA

[80 ] Boston University, Department of Biology , Boston, MA, USA

[81 ] Boston University, Department of Medicine , Boston, MA, USA

[82 ] Brandeis University, Department of Biology , Waltham, MA, USA

[83 ] Brescia University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , Brescia, Italy

[84 ] Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA

[85 ] Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA

[86 ] Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurosurgery , Boston MA

[87 ] British Columbia Cancer Agency, Genome Sciences Centre , Vancouver, BC, Canada

[88 ] British Columbia Cancer Agency, Terry Fox Laboratory , Vancouver, BC, Canada

[89 ] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA, USA

[90 ] Brown University, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology , Providence, RI, USA

[91 ] Brown University, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry , Providence, RI, USA

[92 ] Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Institute of Enzymology, RCNC, HAS and Department of Applied Biotechnology , Budapest, Hungary

[93 ] C.S.I.C./U.A.M., Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols , Madrid, Spain

[94 ] Cambridge University, Department of Medicine , Cambridge, UK

[95 ] Capital Medical University, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Children's Hospital , Beijing, China

[96 ] Capital Normal University , Beijing, China

[97 ] Cardiff University, Heath Park, Institute of Cancer and Genetics , Cardiff, Wales, UK

[98 ] Cardiff University, Institute of Cancer and Genetics , Cardiff, Wales, UK

[99 ] Cardiff University, Systems Immunity Research Institute , Cardiff, Wales, UK

[100 ] Case Western Reserve University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Cleveland, OH, USA

[101 ] Case Western Reserve University, Molecular Biology and Microbiology , Cleveland, OH, USA

[102 ] Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Cleveland, OH, USA

[103 ] Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine , Cleveland, OH, USA

[104 ] Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) , Barcelona, Spain

[105 ] Catholic University of Korea, College of Pharmacy , Bucheon, Korea

[106 ] Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Korea

[107 ] CEA/DSV/12;BM, INSERM U1169, Gene Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases , Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France

[108 ] Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[109 ] Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[110 ] Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, VAGLAHS-UCLA, Pancreatic Research Group , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[111 ] Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute , Orangeburg, NY, USA

[112 ] Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague, Czech Republic

[113 ] Center of Investigation and Advanced Studies, Cinvestav-IPN , Mexico City, Mexico

[114 ] College of Science, Central China Normal University , Wuhan, China

[115 ] Central Michigan University, College of Medicine , Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA

[116 ] Central South University, Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital , Changsha, Hunan, China

[117 ] Central University of Venezuela, Institute for Anatomy , Caracas, Venezuela

[118 ] Centre Antoine Lacassagne , Nice, France

[119 ] Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Pharmacy , Québec, Canada

[120 ] Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université , Institut Paoli-Calmette, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France

[121 ] Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Nantes-Angers, CNRS UMR6299, INSERM U892 , Nantes, France

[122 ] Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Hyderabad, India

[123 ] Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB) , Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain

[124 ] UMR 1324 INRA, 6265 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon , France

[125 ] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Propre de Recherche , Strasbourg, France

[126 ] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique , Paris, France

[127 ] Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Sevilla, Spain

[128 ] Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM/CSIC), Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain

[129 ] Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM/CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Department of Cell Biology and Immunology , Madrid, Spain

[130 ] Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM/CSIC), Department of Virology and Microbiology , Madrid, Spain

[131 ] Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe , Valencia, Spain

[132 ] Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica , Guadalajara, Jalisco, México

[133 ] Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Madrid, Spain

[134 ] Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Córdoba, Argentina

[135 ] Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ-PE, Departamento de Microbiologia , Recife, PE, Brazil

[136 ] Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Department of Pathology , Chiayi, Taiwan

[137 ] Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Internal Medicine , Taoyuan, Taiwan

[138 ] Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan

[139 ] Chang Gung University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , Taoyuan County, Taiwan

[140 ] Chang Gung University, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine , Taoyuan, Taiwan

[141 ] Chang Gung University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , Taoyuan, Taiwan

[142 ] Chang Gung University, Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology , Taoyuan, Taiwan

[143 ] Chang Jung Christian University, Department of Bioscience Technology , Tainan, Taiwan

[144 ] Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Shanghai, China

[145 ] Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum , Berlin, Germany

[146 ] Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Neuropathology, Campus Charité Mitte , Berlin, Germany

[147 ] Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics , Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

[148 ] Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics and Microbiology , Prague, Czech Republic

[149 ] Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Center for Translational Medicine , Chiayi City, Taiwan

[150 ] Chiba University, Department of Nanobiology , Chiba, Japan

[151 ] Chiba University, Medical Mycology Research Center , Chiba, Japan

[152 ] Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Research Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[153 ] Children's Hospital, Department of Neurology , Boston, MA, USA

[154 ] China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital , Beijing, China

[155 ] China Agricultural University, College of Animal Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition , Beijing, China

[156 ] China Agricultural University, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , Beijing, China

[157 ] China Agricultural University, Department of Nutrition and Food Safety , Beijing, China

[158 ] China Medical University, Department of Microbiology , Taichung, Taiwan

[159 ] China Medical University, School of Chinese Medicine , Taichung, Taiwan

[160 ] Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China

[161 ] Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology , Beijing, China

[162 ] Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology , Beijing, China

[163 ] Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Molecular Immunology and Cancer Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica , Beijing, China

[164 ] Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China

[165 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics , Beijing, China

[166 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Division of Medical Physics, Institute of Modern Physics , Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China

[167 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Division of Physical Biology and Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics , Shanghai, China

[168 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules , Beijing, China

[169 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology , Wuhan, Hubei, China

[170 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology , Beijing, China

[171 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences , Shanghai, China

[172 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology , Beijing, China

[173 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences , Shanghai, China

[174 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Guangdong, China

[175 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden , Guangzhou, China

[176 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Beijing, China

[177 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology , Beijing, China

[178 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology , Beijing, China

[179 ] Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Beijing, China

[180 ] Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care , Hong Kong

[181 ] Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong

[182 ] Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease , Hong Kong

[183 ] Chinese University of Hong Kong, Institute of Digestive Diseases , Shatin, Hong Kong

[184 ] Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong

[185 ] Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong

[186 ] Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life Science, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology , Sha Tin, Hong Kong

[187 ] Chonbuk National University, Department of Pharmacology, Medical School , Chonbuk, Korea

[188 ] Christian Albrechts University, Institut für Biochemie , Kiel, Germany

[189 ] Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension , Kiel, Germany

[190 ] Chulalongkorn University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences , Bangkok, Thailand

[191 ] Chungbuk National University, College of Veterinary Medicine , Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea

[192 ] Chungnam National University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Cancer Research Institute , Daejeon, Korea

[193 ] Chungnam National University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Daejeon, Korea

[194 ] Chungnam National University, School of Medicine, Infection Signaling Network Research Center , Daejeon, Korea

[195 ] Chung-Shan Medical University, Institute of Medicine , Taichung, Taiwan

[196 ] CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona, Spain

[197 ] CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) , Valencia, Spain

[198 ] CIBERER Spanish Network for Rare Diseases , Madrid, Spain

[199 ] CIBERNED, ISCIII, Unidad Asociada Neurodeath , Madrid, Spain

[200 ] Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Clinical Pharmacology , Cincinnati, OH, USA

[201 ] Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati, OH, USA

[202 ] Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Oncology , Cincinnati, OH, USA

[203 ] City University of Hong Kong, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China

[204 ] City University of New York, Department of Biology, Queens College and The Graduate Center , Flushing, NY, USA

[205 ] Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, OH, USA

[206 ] Cleveland Clinic, Department of Cancer Biology , Cleveland, OH, USA

[207 ] Cleveland Clinic, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Cleveland, OH, USA

[208 ] Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Institute , Cleveland, OH, USA

[209 ] CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology and IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome, Italy

[210 ] CNRS UM, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé , Montpellier, France

[211 ] CNRS, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Strasbourg, France

[212 ] CNRS, UMR 7280 , Marseille, France

[213 ] CNRS, UMR 5534 , Villeurbanne, France

[214 ] Colonia Ciudad Universitaria, Neurodevelopment and Physiology Department, Neuroscience Division, Instituto de Fisiologia Celular, UNAM , Mexico, DF, Mexico

[215 ] Colorado Mesa University, Department of Biological Sciences , Grand Junction, CO, USA

[216 ] Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Neurology , New York, NY, USA

[217 ] Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , New York, NY, USA

[218 ] Columbia University Medical Center , New York, NY, USA

[219 ] Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics , New York, NY, USA

[220 ] Columbia University, Department of Biological Sciences , New York, NY, USA

[221 ] Columbia University, Department of Chemistry , New York, NY, USA

[222 ] Columbia University, Department of Medicine , New York, NY, USA

[223 ] Columbia University, Department of Neurology , New York, NY, USA

[224 ] Columbia University, Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , New York, NY, USA

[225 ] Comenius University in Bratislava, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences , Bratislava, Slovak Republic

[226 ] Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología , Albacete, Spain

[227 ] Complutense University, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Biology , Madrid, Spain

[228 ] Concordia University, Biology Department , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[229 ] Concordia University, Department of Biology , Montreal, Canada

[230 ] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , Madrid, Spain

[231 ] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine López-Neyra , Granada, Spain

[232 ] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis , Sevilla, Spain

[233 ] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer , Salamanca, Spain

[234 ] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer , Salamanca, Spain

[235 ] Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Core Research Laboratory , Siena, Italy

[236 ] BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory , Barakaldo, Spain

[237 ] CSIC-UAM and CIBERER, Institute for Biomedical Research “Alberto Sols” , Madrid, Spain

[238 ] CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad, India

[239 ] CSIR, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Biomaterials Group , Hyderabad, India

[240 ] CSS-Mendel Institute, Neurogenetics Unit , Rome, Italy

[241 ] Curtin University, School of Biomedical Sciences , Perth, Australia

[242 ] Curtin University, School of Pharmacy , Bentley, Australia

[243 ] Dalhousie University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Halifax, NS, Canada

[244 ] Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

[245 ] Dalhousie University, Department of Pediatrics , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

[246 ] Dalhousie University, Department of Pharmacology , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

[247 ] Dalian Medical University, Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell , Dalian, Liaoning Province, China

[248 ] Dalian Medical University, Department of Environmental and Occupational Hygiene , Dalian, China

[249 ] Dalian Medical University, Department of Food Nutrition and Safety , Dalian, China

[250 ] Dalian Medical University, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell , Dalian, China

[251 ] Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease , Copenhagen, Denmark

[252 ] Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Cell Stress and Survival Unit , Copenhagen, Denmark

[253 ] Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Unit of Cell Stress and Survival (CSS) , Copenhagen, Denmark

[254 ] Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Unit of Cell Stress and Survival , Copenhagen, Denmark

[255 ] Dartmouth College, Department of Chemistry , Hanover, NH, USA

[256 ] Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Pathology , Alexandroupolis, Greece

[257 ] Democritus University of Thrace, Laboratory of Molecular Hematology , Alexandroupolis, Greece

[258 ] Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, Department of Pathology , Alexandroupolis, Greece

[259 ] Democritus University of Thrace, School of Medicine , Alexandroupolis, Greece

[260 ] Denver VAMC , Denver, CO, USA

[261 ] Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biological Research and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases , Madrid, Spain

[262 ] Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry , Budapest, Hungary

[263 ] Dong-A University, College of Medicine and Mitochondria Hub Regulation Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Busan, Korea

[264 ] Dong-Eui University, Department of Chemistry , Busan, Korea

[265 ] Drexel University, College of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[266 ] Duke University, Department of Medicine, Human Vaccine Institute , Durham, NC, USA

[267 ] Duke University, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Durham, NC, USA

[268 ] Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology , Durham, NC, USA

[269 ] Duke University, Medical Center, Department of Immunology , Durham, NC, USA

[270 ] Duke University, Medical Center, Department of Medicine , Durham, NC, USA

[271 ] Duke University, Medical Center, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Durham, NC, USA

[272 ] Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment , Durham, NC, USA

[273 ] Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program , Singapore

[274 ] Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) , Naples, Italy

[275 ] Durham VA Medical Center, GRECC , Durham, NC, USA

[276 ] DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and CAESAR Research Center , Bonn, Germany

[277 ] East China Normal University, School of Life Science , Shanghai, China

[278 ] East China Normal University , Shanghai, China

[279 ] Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology , Tübingen, Germany

[280 ] Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland, Università Svizzera italiana, Lugano , Switzerland

[281 ] Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences , Lausanne, Switzerland

[282 ] Edinburgh Napier University, School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences , Edinburgh, UK

[283 ] Edinburgh University, MRC Human Genetics Unit , Edinburgh, UK

[284 ] Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology , Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

[285 ] Emory University, Department of Biology , Atlanta, GA, USA

[286 ] Emory University, Department of Cell Biology , Atlanta, GA, USA

[287 ] Emory University, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Atlanta, GA, USA

[288 ] Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Atlanta, GA, USA

[289 ] Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Neurology , Atlanta, GA, USA

[290 ] Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Atlanta, GA, USA

[291 ] Emory University, School of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases , Atlanta, GA, USA

[292 ] Emory University, School of Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Atlanta, GA, USA

[293 ] Emory University, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute , Atlanta, GA, USA

[294 ] Emory University, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA

[295 ] Emory University, Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology , Atlanta, GA, USA

[296 ] Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology , Budapest, Hungary

[297 ] Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Biological Anthropology , Budapest, Hungary

[298 ] Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Genetics , Budapest, Hungary

[299 ] Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer , Paris, France

[300 ] Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Surgery , Rotterdam, The Netherlands

[301 ] Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Institute of Pharmacy , Greifswald, Germany

[302 ] ETH Zurich, Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences , Zurich, Switzerland

[303 ] ETH Zurich, Institute of Biochemistry , Zurich, Switzerland

[304 ] ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences , Zurich, Switzerland

[305 ] ETH Zurich, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology , Zurich, Switzerland

[306 ] ETH Zürich, LFW D 18.1 , Zürich, Switzerland

[307 ] ETH Zurich, ScopeM (Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy) , Zurich, Switzerland

[308 ] European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Department of Experimental Oncology , Milan, Italy

[309 ] European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Structural and Computational Biology Unit , Heidelberg, Germany

[310 ] Evelina's Children Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Service , London, UK

[311 ] Ewha W. University, Brain and Cognitive Sciences/Pharmacy , Seoul, Korea

[312 ] Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Insititute of Microbiology, Department of Immunology , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[313 ] Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[314 ] Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmacology, Paulista School of Medicine , São Paulo, Brazil

[315 ] Federico II University, Department of Translational Medicine , Naples, Italy

[316 ] Federico II University, Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Department of Medical and Translational Sciences , Naples, Italy

[317 ] First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China

[318 ] First Hospital of Jilin University, Department of Neurosurgery , Changchun, China

[319 ] FISABIO, Hospital Dr. Peset , Valencia, Spain

[320 ] Flinders University, School of Biological Sciences, Bedford Park , South Australia, Australia

[321 ] Florida Atlantic University, Department of Biological Sciences , Jupiter, FL, USA

[322 ] Florida Atlantic University, Schmidt College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Boca Raton, FL, USA

[323 ] Florida International University, Department of Dietetics and Nutrition , Miami, FL, USA

[324 ] Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine , Milan, Italy

[325 ] Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) , Jefferson, AR, USA

[326 ] Forschungszentrum Juelich, ICS-6/Structural Biochemistry , Juelich, Germany

[327 ] George Washington University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Washington, DC , USA

[328 ] Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas , Heraklion, Crete, Greece

[329 ] Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Xi'an, China

[330 ] Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, College of Stomatology , Xi'an, China

[331 ] Fourth Military Medical University, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Xijing Hospital , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China

[332 ] The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory , London, UK

[333 ] Freiburg University, Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Core Facility Proteomics , Freiburg, Germany

[334 ] Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology) , Berlin, Germany

[335 ] Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province , Wuhan, China

[336 ] Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Medicine 1 , Erlangen, Germany

[337 ] Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Shanghai, China

[338 ] Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology , Shanghai, China

[339 ] Fudan University, Cancer Center, Department of Integrative Oncology , Shanghai, China

[340 ] Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College , Fudan University, Shanghai, China

[341 ] Fudan University, Department of Biosynthesis, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy , Shanghai, China

[342 ] Fudan University, Department of Neurosugery , Shanghai, China

[343 ] Fujian Provincial Hospital, Department of Urology , Fuzhou, China

[344 ] Gdansk University of Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry , Gdansk, Poland

[345 ] Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Biochemistry , Hanover, NH, USA

[346 ] Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Lebanon, NH, USA

[347 ] Geisinger Clinic, Weis Center for Research , Danville, PA, USA

[348 ] Genentech Inc., Department of Cancer Immunology , South San Francisco, CA, USA

[349 ] Genentech Inc., Department of Immunology , South San Francisco, CA, USA

[350 ] Genentech Inc., Department of Neuroscience , South San Francisco, CA, USA

[351 ] Genentech Inc., Department of Translational Oncology , South San Francisco, CA, USA

[352 ] Genentech Inc., Immunology and Infectious Diseases , South San Francisco, CA, USA

[353 ] Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics , Göttingen, Germany

[354 ] Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms , Göttingen, Germany

[355 ] Georg-August-University Göttingen, Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology , Göttingen, Germany

[356 ] Georg-August-University Göttingen, Institute of Cellular Biochemistry , Göttingen, Germany

[357 ] George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA

[358 ] George Washington University, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology , Washington, DC, USA

[359 ] George Washington University, Flow Cytometry Core Facility , Washington, DC, USA

[360 ] Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience , Washington, DC, USA

[361 ] Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Oncology , Washington, DC, USA

[362 ] Georgetown University, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Washington, DC, USA

[363 ] Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Oncology and Pathology , Washington, DC, USA

[364 ] Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center , Washington, DC, USA

[365 ] Georgia Regents University, Cancer Center, Department of Medicine , Augusta, GA, USA

[366 ] Georgia Regents University, Department of Neurology , Augusta, GA, USA

[367 ] Georgia Regents University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Augusta, GA, USA

[368 ] Georgia Regents University, Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine , Augusta, GA, USA

[369 ] Georgia Regents University, Medical College of Georgia , Augusta, GA, USA

[370 ] Georgia Regents University, Medical College of Georgia, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy , Augusta, GA, USA

[371 ] Georgia Regents University, Medical College of Georgia, Department of Medicine , Augusta, GA, USA

[372 ] German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU) Pediatric Oncology , Heidelberg, Germany

[373 ] German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Lysosomal Systems Biology , Heidelberg, Germany

[374 ] German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms , Heidelberg, Germany

[375 ] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Munich, Germany

[376 ] German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Molecular Toxicology , Nuthetal, Germany

[377 ] Ghent University, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Methusalem Program , Gent, Belgium

[378 ] Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) , Catalonia, Spain

[379 ] Goethe University Medical School, Experimental Neurology , Frankfurt am Main, Germany

[380 ] Goethe University of Frankfurt, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry , Frankfurt am Main, Germany

[381 ] Goethe University School of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Frankfurt am Main, Germany

[382 ] Goethe University, Institue of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Frankfurt am Main, Germany

[383 ] Goethe University, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics , Frankfurt, Germany

[384 ] Goethe University, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Molecular Developmental Biology , Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany

[385 ] Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ-BA, Laboratory of Pathology and Biointervention , Salvador, BA, Brazil

[386 ] Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Department of System Cancer Science , Goyang, Korea

[387 ] Graduate School of Hallym University , Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea

[388 ] Griffith University, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Australia

[389 ] Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Science , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

[390 ] Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Gunma, Japan

[391 ] Gunma University, Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Moleclualr and Cellular Regulation , Gunma, Japan

[392 ] Gunma University, Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Moleclualr and Cellular Regulation , Gunma, Japan

[393 ] Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus , Villejuif, France

[394 ] Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center , Villejuif, France

[395 ] Gustave Roussy Institute , Villejuif, France

[396 ] Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science and Institute of Health Sciences , JinJu, Korea

[397 ] Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Medicine , Jerusalem, Israel

[398 ] Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Department of Neurology , Jerusalem, Israel

[399 ] Hallym University, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine , Kangwon-Do, Korea

[400 ] Hallym University, Department of Biomedical Gerontology , Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea; and Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Korea

[401 ] Hallym University, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine , Chuncheon, Gangwon, Korea

[402 ] Hallym University, Ilsong Institute of Life Science , Chuncheon, Korea

[403 ] Hallym University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology , Chuncheon, Korea

[404 ] Hampton University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , Hampton, VA, USA

[405 ] Hangzhou Normal University, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Hangzhou, China

[406 ] Hannover Medical School, Department for Clinical Immunology and Rheumotology , Hannover, Germany

[407 ] Hannover Medical School, Department of Biochemistry , Hannover, Germany

[408 ] Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS) , Hannover, Germany

[409 ] Hanyang University, College of Pharmacy , Ansan, Korea

[410 ] Harbin Medical University, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology , Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

[411 ] Harbin Medical University, Department of Immunology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity , Harbin, China

[412 ] Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics , Torrance, CA, USA

[413 ] Harvard Medical School and Broad Institute , Boston, MA, USA

[414 ] Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA

[415 ] Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Genetics, Division of Genetics , Boston, MA, USA

[416 ] Harvard Medical School, Dana Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA, USA

[417 ] Harvard Medical School, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology , Boston, MA, USA

[418 ] Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology , Boston, MA, USA

[419 ] Harvard Medical School, Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute , Boston, MA, USA

[420 ] Harvard Medical School, Neurology Residency Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA, USA

[421 ] Harvard Medical School, Ophthalmology , Boston, MA, USA

[422 ] Harvard University, Department of Statistics , Cambridge, MA, USA

[423 ] Harvard University, School of Public Health, Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases , Boston, MA, USA

[424 ] Health Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona, Spain

[425 ] Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Biochemistry and Food Science , Rehovot, Israel

[426 ] Heidelberg University, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Proteostasis in Neurodegenerative Disease (B180), CHS Research Group at CellNetworks , Heidelberg, Germany

[427 ] Heidelberg University, Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) , Heidelberg, Germany

[428 ] Heinrich Heine University, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical Faculty , Duesseldorf, Germany

[429 ] Heinrich-Heine-University , Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Duesseldorf, Germany

[430 ] Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Düsseldorf, Germany

[431 ] Systems-oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig, Germany

[432 ] Helsinki University, Central Hospital, Medical Faculty, Division of Child Psychiatry , Helsinki, Finland

[433 ] Helsinki University, Department of Medical Genetics , Helsinki, Finland

[434 ] Henan University of Technology, College of Bioengineering , Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China

[435 ] Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , Hirosaki, Japan

[436 ] Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo , Hokkaido, Japan

[437 ] Hokkaido University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sapporo, Japan

[438 ] Hokkaido University, Research Faculty of Agriculture , Sapporo, Japan

[439 ] Hong Kong Baptist University, School of Chinese Medicine , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

[440 ] Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences , Kowloon, Hong Kong

[441 ] The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong

[442 ] Hôpital Beaujon , Paris, France

[443 ] Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP , Paris, France

[444 ] Hôpital Kirchberg, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer , Luxembourg

[445 ] Hôpital Paul Brousse - Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Biochimie et Oncogénétique , Villejuif, France

[446 ] Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto , ON, Canada

[447 ] Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBERNED, Neurobiology Department , Madrid, Spain

[448 ] Houston Methodist Research Institute, Genomic Medicine Program , Houston, TX, USA

[449 ] Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Boston, MA, USA

[450 ] Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Dallas, TX

[451 ] Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Wuhan , Hubei, China

[452 ] Huazhong Agricultural University, Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries , Wuhan, China

[453 ] Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei, China

[454 ] Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Clayton , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

[455 ] Hungkuang University, Department of Physical Therapy , Taichung, Taiwan

[456 ] IATA-CSIC, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology , Paterna (Valencia), Spain

[457 ] iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Oeiras, Portugal

[458 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neuroscience , New York, NY, USA

[459 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics , New York, NY, USA

[460 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Cognitive Health, Mount Sinai Alzheimer's Disease Research Center , New York, NY, USA

[461 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute , New York, NY, USA

[462 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA

[463 ] ICM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier , Montpellier, France

[464 ] ICREA Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies , Catalonia, Spain

[465 ] IFOM - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology , Milan, Italy

[466 ] IIT University, School of Biotechnology , Orissa, India

[467 ] IMIM-Hospital del Mar CIBERES, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Respiratory Medicine Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group , Barcelona, Spain

[468 ] Imperial College London, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection , London, UK

[469 ] Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute , London, UK

[470 ] Imperial College London, Neurogenetics Group, Division of Brain Sciences , London, UK

[471 ] Imperial College London, Section of Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection , London, UK

[472 ] Incheon National University, Division of Life Siences , Incheon, Korea

[473 ] Indian Institute of Science, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology , Bangalore, India

[474 ] Indian Institute of Science, Microbiology and Cell Biology , Bangalore, India

[475 ] Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Guwahati , Assam, India

[476 ] Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Department of Biotechnology , Kharagpur, India

[477 ] Indiana University School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Denver, CO, USA

[478 ] Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indianapolis, IN, USA

[479 ] Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology , Indianapolis, IN, USA

[480 ] Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Indianapolis, IN, USA

[481 ] Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Indianapolis, IN, USA

[482 ] Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Indianapolis, IN, USA

[483 ] Indiana University School of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine , Indianapolis, IN, USA

[484 ] Inje University , Department of Rehabilitation Science, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, u-Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Gimhae, Korea

[485 ] INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani” , Rome, Italy

[486 ] INRA, UMR 1019 Nutrition Humaine , Centre de Clermont Theix, Saint Genès Champanelle, France

[487 ] INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme , Montpellier, France

[488 ] INRA, UR1067, Nutrion Métabolisme Aquaculture , St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France

[489 ] INSERM U1065, C3M, Team 2 , Nice, France

[490 ] INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN) , Nice, France

[491 ] Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Biomedical Department, Monaco, Principality of Monaco

[492 ] University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice, CNRS UMR 7284/INSERM U1081 , Nice, France

[493 ] INSERM U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphétiques de la Neurodégénérescence , Strasbourg, France

[494 ] INSERM U1138 , Paris, France

[495 ] INSERM U1147 , Paris, France

[496 ] INSERM U830, Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie , Paris, France

[497 ] INSERM U862, Neurocentre Magendie , Bordeaux, France

[498 ] INSERM U896 , Montpellier, France

[499 ] INSERM U916, Université de Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie , Pessac, France

[500 ] INSERM U955, Faculté de Médecine de Créteil, UMR-S955 , Créteil, France

[501 ] INSERM U964, CNRS UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Department of Translational Medecine, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) , Illkirch, France

[502 ] INSERM UMR1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse , Toulouse, France

[503 ] INSERM UMRS 1166, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, du Métabolisme et de la Nutrition , Paris, France

[504 ] INSERM, Cordeliers Research Cancer , Paris, France

[505 ] INSERM, U1081-UMR CNRS 7284 , Nice, France

[506 ] INSERM, U1104 , Marseille, France

[507 ] INSERM, U1127, CNRS, UMR 7225 , Paris, France

[508 ] INSERM, U1138 , Paris, France

[509 ] INSERM, U970 , Paris, France

[510 ] Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hemato-oncology Department , Barcelona, Spain

[511 ] Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine , Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy Cedex, France

[512 ] Institut du Cancer de Montpellier , Montpellier, France

[513 ] Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Department of Chemistry, Portici (Naples), Italy

[514 ] Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA2582, Cell Biology and Infection Department, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab , Paris, France

[515 ] Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, Lille Regional University Hospital Centre, Lille University , Lille, France

[516 ] Institut Pasteur, CNRS, URA2578, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Département de Biologie du Développement et des Cellules Souches , Paris, France

[517 ] Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology , Paris, France

[518 ] Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Biology of Infection Unit , Paris, France

[519 ] Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Diabetes , Prague, Czech Republic

[520 ] Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Université Paris-Saclay , Gif-sur-Yvette, France

[521 ] Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain

[522 ] Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Research Council (IQAC-CSIC), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry , Barcelona, Spain

[523 ] Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Kazan, Russia

[524 ] Institute of Biomedical Investigation (INIBIC), Aging, Inflamation and Regenerative Medicine , Coruña, Spain

[525 ] Institute of Cancer Research, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics , London, UK

[526 ] Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm, Sweden

[527 ] Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneshwar, Odisa, India

[528 ] Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Cell Biology and Immunology Division , Chandigarh, India

[529 ] Institute of Microbiology ASCR, v.v.i. , Prague, Czech Republic

[530 ] Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA) , Vienna, Austria

[531 ] Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council , Pavia, Italy

[532 ] Institute of Molecular Pathology and Biology, FMHS UO , Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic

[533 ] Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry , Dorodna, Poland

[534 ] Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET) , Rosario, Argentina

[535 ] Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL) , Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

[536 ] Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC/UAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , Madrid, Spain

[537 ] Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC/UAM , Madrid, Spain

[538 ] Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, CSIC-IDIBAPS and Centro de Investigacion en Red en enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, CIBEREHD, ISCIII , Barcelona, Spain

[539 ] Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC , Granada, Spain

[540 ] Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Oeiras, Portugal

[541 ] Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras, Portugal

[542 ] Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona IIBB-CSIC , Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona-IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain

[543 ] Instituto Leloir , Buenos Aires, Argentina

[544 ] Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Biotecnología , Madrid, Spain

[545 ] Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Neurochemistry Unit , Mexico City, Mexico

[546 ] Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit , Mexico City, Mexico

[547 ] Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Biologia Celular , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[548 ] International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Immunology Group , New Delhi, India

[549 ] Iowa State University, Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxiclogy , Ames, IA, USA

[550 ] Iowa State University, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology , Ames, IA, USA

[551 ] Iowa State University, Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology , Ames, IA, USA

[552 ] IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Medical Genetics Unit , San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

[553 ] IRCCS Neuromed , Pozzilli, IS, Italy

[554 ] IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Development and Metabolism , Rome, Italy

[555 ] IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome, Italy

[556 ] IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Experimental Neurosciences , Rome, Italy

[557 ] IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation , Rome, Italy

[558 ] IRCCS, “C. Mondino” National Neurological Institute, Experimental Neurobiology Lab , Pavia, Italy

[559 ] IRCCS, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata , Rome, Italy

[560 ] IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology , Milan, Italy

[561 ] IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Neuroscience , Milan, Italy

[562 ] IRCCS-MultiMedica , Milan, Italy

[563 ] IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona, Spain

[564 ] IRCM, INSERM, U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier , Montpellier, France

[565 ] IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier , Montpellier, France

[566 ] IRO, Institute for Research in Ophthalmology , Sion, Switzerland

[567 ] Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica , Siena, Italy

[568 ] Istituto Giannina Gaslini, UOC Medical Genetics , Genova, Italy

[569 ] Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine , Genoa, Italy

[570 ] Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy

[571 ] Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli IOR-IRCCS, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology , Bologna, Italy

[572 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences , Rome, Italy

[573 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine , Rome, Italy

[574 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases , Rome, Italy

[575 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine, Evaluation Section of Cell Aging, Degeneration and Gender Medicine , Rome, Italy

[576 ] Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy

[577 ] Istituto Toscano Tumori , Siena, Italy

[578 ] Italian National Institute of Health , Department of Technology and Health, Rome, Italy

[579 ] IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Duesseldorf, Germany

[580 ] J. Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , Ljubljana, Slovenia

[581 ] Jadavpur University, Life Science and Biotechnology, Kolkata , West Bengal, India

[582 ] James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, NY, USA

[583 ] Jawaharlal Nehru University, School of Life Sciences , New Delhi, India

[584 ] Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Department of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA

[585 ] Jewish General Hospital, Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[586 ] Jewish General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Medicine , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[587 ] Jewish General Hospital, Department of Oncology , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[588 ] Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine , Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

[589 ] Jiangsu University, Department of Immunology , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China

[590 ] Jiangsu University, School of Pharmacy , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China

[591 ] Jikei University School of Medicine, Divison of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine , Tokyo, Japan

[592 ] Jikei University School of Medicine, Research Center for Medical Sciences, Division of Gene Therapy , Tokyo, Japan

[593 ] Jilin Medical University, Medical Research Laboratory , Jilin City, Jilin Province, China

[594 ] Jinan University, Anti-stress and Health Center, College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou, China

[595 ] Jinan University, Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology , Guangzhou, China

[596 ] Jinan University, Medical College, Division of Histology and Embryology , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

[597 ] Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Sino-US Cooperation Research Center for Translational Medicine , Shandong, China

[598 ] Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Department of Urology , Shanghai, China

[599 ] Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, University Medical Center, Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene , Mainz, Germany

[600 ] John Wayne Cancer Institute, Department of Neurosciences , Santa Monica, CA, USA

[601 ] Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malaria Research Institute, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Baltimore, MD, USA

[602 ] Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA

[603 ] Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research , Baltimore, MD, USA

[604 ] Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences; Neuroregeneration Program, Institute for Cell Engineering , Baltimore, MD, USA

[605 ] Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Institute for Cell Engineering and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA

[606 ] Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Department of Physiology , Baltimore, MD, USA

[607 ] Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute , Baltimore, MD, USA

[608 ] Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute , Baltimore, MD, USA

[609 ] Johns Hopkins, School of Medicine, Wilmer Eye Institute , Baltimore, MD, USA

[610 ] Juntendo University, Department of Research for Parkinson's Disease , Tokyo, Japan

[611 ] Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience , Tokyo, Japan

[612 ] Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology , Tokyo, Japan

[613 ] Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience for Neurodegenerative Disorders , Tokyo, Japan

[614 ] Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science , Tokyo, Japan

[615 ] Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience , Tokyo, Japan

[616 ] Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology , Tokyo, Japan

[617 ] Juntendo University , Tokyo, Japan

[618 ] Kagoshima University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Division of Human Pathology, Department of Oncology, Course of Advanced Therapeutics , Kagoshima, Japan

[619 ] Kagoshima University, The Near-Future Locomoter Organ Medicine Creation Course, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima, Japan

[620 ] KAIST, Department of Biological Sciences , Daejon, Korea

[621 ] Kanazawa Medical University, Department of Medicine , Ishikawa, Japan

[622 ] Kanazawa Medical University, Diabetology and Endocrinology , Ishikawa, Japan

[623 ] Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Department of Human Pathology , Kanazawa, Japan

[624 ] Kanazawa University, Cell-bionomics Unit and Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Systems, Institute of Science and Engineering , Ishikawa, Japan

[625 ] Kansas State University, Division of Biology , Manhattan, KS, USA

[626 ] Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Department of Pathology , Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

[627 ] Kaohsiung Medical University, Graduate Institute of Medicine , Kaohsiung, Taiwan

[628 ] Kaohsiung Medical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

[629 ] Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Department of Medical Education and Research , Kaohsiung, Taiwan

[630 ] Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics , Karlsruhe, Germany

[631 ] Karolinska Institute, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology , Stockholm, Sweden

[632 ] Karolinska Institute, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division for Neurogeriatrics , Huddinge, Sweden

[633 ] Karolinska Institute, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology , Stockholm, Sweden

[634 ] Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Stockholm, Sweden

[635 ] Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine , Stockholm, Sweden

[636 ] Kawasaki Medical School, Department of General Internal Medicine 4 , Okayama, Japan

[637 ] Kawasaki Medical School, Department of Hepatology and Pancreatology , Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan

[638 ] Keimyung University , Daegu, Korea

[639 ] Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine , Daegu, Korea

[640 ] Keio University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry , Tokyo, Japan

[641 ] Keio University, School of Medicine, Medical Education Center , Tokyo, Japan

[642 ] KERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Sciences , Bilbao, Spain

[643 ] King Saud University, College of Science, Department of Zoology , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

[644 ] King's College London, Cardiovascular Division , London, UK

[645 ] King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IoPPN , London, UK

[646 ] King's College, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section , London, UK

[647 ] Kobe University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Pathology, Division of Medical Biophysics , Hyogo, Japan

[648 ] Kobe University, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Hyogo, Japan

[649 ] Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Plant Ecological Physiology Laboratory , Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation

[650 ] Konkuk University, Department of Animal Biotechnology , Seoul, Korea

[651 ] Konkuk University, Department of Veterinary Medicine , Seoul, Korea

[652 ] Konkuk University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Seoul, Korea

[653 ] Konkuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy , Seoul, Korea

[654 ] Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine , Seoul, Korea

[655 ] Korea University, Department of Biotechnology, BK21-PLUS Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Seoul, Korea

[656 ] Korea University, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology , Seoul, Korea

[657 ] Korea University, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Seoul, Korea

[658 ] Korea University, Division of Life Sciences , Seoul, Korea

[659 ] KU Leuven and VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology , Leuven, Belgium

[660 ] KU Leuven, Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Leuven, Belgium

[661 ] KU Leuven, Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery , Leuven, Belgium

[662 ] KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Leuven, Belgium

[663 ] KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology , Leuven, Belgium

[664 ] KU Leuven, Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg , Leuven, Belgium

[665 ] KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Leuven, Belgium

[666 ] Kumamoto University, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis , Kumamoto, Japan

[667 ] Kunming University of Science and Technology, Medical School , Kunmimg, Yunnan, China

[668 ] Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Department of Basic Geriatrics , Kyoto, Japan

[669 ] Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science , Kyoto, Japan

[670 ] Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Department of Basic Geriatrics, Kyoto, Japan

[671 ] Kyoto Sangyo University, Department of Life Sciences , Kyoto, Japan

[672 ] Kyoto Sangyo University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences , Kyoto, Japan

[673 ] Kyoto University, Department of Botany , Kyoto, Japan

[674 ] Kyoto University, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , Kyoto, Japan

[675 ] Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine, Medical Innocation Center (TMK project) , Kyoto, Japan

[676 ] Kyung Hee University, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science , Seoul, Korea

[677 ] Kyungpook National University, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea

[678 ] Kyushu University, Department of Surgery and Science , Fukuoka, Japan

[679 ] Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

[680 ] La Trobe University, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

[681 ] La Trobe University, Department of Chemistry and Physics , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

[682 ] La Trobe University, School of Cancer Medicine , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

[683 ] Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences NSI/EOC, Neurodegeneration Group , Torricella-Taverne, Switzerland

[684 ] Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako , Saitama, Japan

[685 ] Laboratory of Cellular Aging and Neurodegeneration, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Anyang , Gyeonggi-do, Korea

[686 ] Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences , Lancaster, UK

[687 ] Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Riga, Latvia

[688 ] Leiden University, Institute of Biology , Leiden, The Netherlands

[689 ] Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Cancer Research Technology Program , Frederick, MD, USA

[690 ] Medical University of Silesia, ENT Department, School of Medicine, Katowice, Poland

[691 ] Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping, Sweden

[692 ] Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences , Linköping, Sweden

[693 ] Linköping University, Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , Linköping, Sweden

[694 ] Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Department of Parasitology , Liverpool, Merseyside, UK

[695 ] Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Oncology , Washington, DC, USA

[696 ] Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Basic Medicine , Moscow, Russia

[697 ] London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK , London, UK

[698 ] University College London Cancer Institute , London, UK

[699 ] Lorraine University, CITHéFOR EA3452, Faculté de Pharmacie , Nancy, France

[700 ] Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA

[701 ] Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shreveport, LA, USA

[702 ] Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Neuroscience Center of Excellence , New Orleans, LA, USA

[703 ] Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Molecular Biology and Lung Cancer Program , Albuquerque, NM, USA

[704 ] Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy , Munich, Germany

[705 ] Lund University, Biomedical Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science , Lund, Sweden

[706 ] Luxembourg Institute of Health and Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg , Luxembourg

[707 ] Luxembourg Institute of Health, Laboratory of Experimental Hemato-Oncology, Department of Oncology , Luxembourg City, Luxembourg

[708 ] Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg City , Luxembourg

[709 ] Maastricht University, Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology , Maastricht, The Netherlands

[710 ] Maastricht University, Medical Centre, NUTRIM, Department of Molecular Genetics , Maastricht, The Netherlands

[711 ] Macau University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine , Macau, China

[712 ] Mackay Memorial Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology , Taipei, Taiwan

[713 ] Macquarie University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Sydney, NSW, Australia

[714 ] Magna Graecia University, Department of Health Sciences , Catanzaro, Italy

[715 ] Mahidol University, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science , Bangkok, Thailand

[716 ] Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand

[717 ] Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Institute of Molecular Biosciences , Nakorn Pathom, Thailand

[718 ] Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals , Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

[719 ] Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology , Mannheim, Germany

[720 ] Masaryk University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine , Brno, Czech Republic

[721 ] Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Human Genetic Research and Department of Neurology , Boston, MA, USA

[722 ] Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cutaneous Biology Research Center , Charlestown, MA

[723 ] Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Molecular Biology; Department of Genetics , Boston, MA, USA

[724 ] Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Neuroscience Center , Charlestown, MA, USA

[725 ] Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of Infectious Disease , Boston, MA, USA

[726 ] Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research , Cambridge, MA, USA

[727 ] Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing , Cologne, Germany

[728 ] Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Group Maintenance of Genome Stability , Martinsried, Germany

[729 ] Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Membrane and Organelle Biology , Martinsried, Germany

[730 ] Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Cell Biology , Göttingen, Germany

[731 ] Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Translational Research in Psychiatry , Munich, Germany

[732 ] Mayo Clinic, Department of Biochemistry , Rochester, MN, USA

[733 ] Mayo Clinic, Department of Neuroscience , Jacksonville, FL, USA

[734 ] Mayo Clinic, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension , Rochester, MN, USA

[735 ] Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN, USA

[736 ] Mayo Clinic, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology , Rochester, MN, USA

[737 ] McGill University, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Montreal, Canada

[738 ] McGill University, Department of Biochemistry , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[739 ] McGill University, Department of Critical Care , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[740 ] McGill University, Department of Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute , Montreal, QC, Canada

[741 ] McGill University, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[742 ] McGill University, Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[743 ] McGill University, Health Centre Research Institute, Meakins Christie Laboratories , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[744 ] McGill University, Health Centre, Department of Medicine , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[745 ] McGill University, Health Centre Research Institute, Meakins-Christie Laboratories , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[746 ] McGill University, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[747 ] McGill University, McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Montreal, QC, Canada

[748 ] McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute , Montreal, QC, Canada

[749 ] McMaster University, Department of Biology , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

[750 ] MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology , Houston, TX, USA

[751 ] MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genomic Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[752 ] MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[753 ] Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany

[754 ] Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Biochemistry , Milwaukee, WI, USA

[755 ] Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Pediatrics , Milwaukee, WI, USA

[756 ] Medical Research Council (MRC), Toxicology Unit , Leicester, UK

[757 ] Medical School Goethe University, Institute of Biochemistry II , Frankfurt, Germany

[758 ] Medical University of Graz, Division of Cardiology , Graz, Austria

[759 ] Medical University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine , Graz, Austria

[760 ] Medical University of Lodz, Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology , Lodz, Poland

[761 ] Medical University of Silesia, Department of Pharmacology , Katowice, Poland

[762 ] Medical University of South Carolina, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Charleston, SC, USA

[763 ] Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center , Charleston, SC, USA

[764 ] Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics , Charleston, SC, USA

[765 ] Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Ophthalmology , Charleston, SC, USA

[766 ] Medical University of South Carolina, Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Charleston, SC, USA

[767 ] Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, CD Lab - Skin Aging , Vienna, Austria

[768 ] Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology , Vienna, Austria

[769 ] Medical University of Vienna, Internal Medicine I , Vienna, Austria

[770 ] MedImmune, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity Research Department , Gaithersburg, MD, USA

[771 ] Meiji University, Department of Life Sciences , Kanagawa, Japan

[772 ] Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA

[773 ] Merck KGaA, RandD Merck Serono , Darmstadt, Germany

[774 ] Merck Research Laboratories , Rahway, NJ, USA

[775 ] Miami VA Healthcare System and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Oncology/Hematology , Miami, FL, USA

[776 ] Moffitt Cancer Center, Department of Tumor Biology , Tampa, FL, USA

[777 ] Monash University, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Lupus Research Laboratory , Clayton, Victoria, Australia

[778 ] Monash University, Clayton Campus, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

[779 ] Monash University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Victoria, Australia

[780 ] Monash University, Department of Microbiology , Victoria, Australia

[781 ] Monash University, School of Biological Sciences , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

[782 ] Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Electron Microscopy Platform , Warsaw, Poland

[783 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine , New York, NY, USA

[784 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Otolaryngology, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA

[785 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics , New York, NY, USA

[786 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine , New York, NY, USA

[787 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Liver Diseases , New York, NY, USA

[788 ] MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre , Cambridge, UK

[789 ] MRC Harwell, Mammalian Genetics Unit , Oxfordshire, UK

[790 ] MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and BRC Translational Immunology Lab, NDM , Oxford, UK

[791 ] MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, UK

[792 ] MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit , Cambridge, UK

[793 ] MRC Toxicology Unit , Leicester, UK

[794 ] Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Nagasaki, Japan

[795 ] Nagasaki University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki, Japan

[796 ] Nagasaki University, Division of Dental Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki, Japan

[797 ] Nagoya University School of Medicine , Nagoya, Japan

[798 ] Nagoya University, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya , Aichi, Japan

[799 ] Nanchang University, Institute of Life Science , Nanchang, China

[800 ] Nanjing Medical University, Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital , Jiangsu, China

[801 ] Nanjing Medical University, Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital , Nanjing, China

[802 ] Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Department of Neurology , Nanjing, China

[803 ] Nanjing University, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

[804 ] Nanjing University, School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

[805 ] Nankai University, College of Life Sciences , Tianjin, China

[806 ] Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences , Singapore

[807 ] NARO Institute of Floricultural Science , Tsukuba, Japan

[808 ] NAS of Ukraine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology , Lviv, Ukraine

[809 ] Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory , Moscow, Russia

[810 ] National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , Lviv, Ukraine

[811 ] National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology , Athens, Greece

[812 ] National Brain Research Centre , Manesar, Gurgaon, India

[813 ] National Cancer Center, Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute , Goyang, Korea

[814 ] National Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute , Gyeonggi, Korea

[815 ] National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases , Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan

[816 ] National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience , Tokyo, Japan

[817 ] National Cheng Kung University, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Tainan, Taiwan

[818 ] National Cheng Kung University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine , Tainan, Taiwan

[819 ] National Cheng Kung University, Department of Pharmacology , Tainan, Taiwan

[820 ] National Cheng Kung University, Institute of Clinical Medicine , Tainan, Taiwan

[821 ] National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Tainan, Taiwan

[822 ] National Chung Hsing University, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Taichung, Taiwan

[823 ] National Chung Hsing University, Institute of Molecular Biology , Taichung, Taiwan

[824 ] National Chung-Hsing University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences , Taichung, Taiwan

[825 ] National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) , Busan, Korea

[826 ] National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, Miaoli , Taiwan

[827 ] National Health Research Institutes, Immunology Research Center , Miaoli, Taiwan

[828 ] National Health Research Institutes, Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research , Miaoli County, Taiwan

[829 ] National Ilan University, Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science , Yilan City, Taiwan

[830 ] National Institute for Basic Biology, Department of Cell Biology , Okazaki, Japan

[831 ] National Institute for Basic Biology, Sokendai , Okazaki, Japan

[832 ] National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS , Rome, Italy

[833 ] National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Translational Research Unit , Rome, Italy

[834 ] National Institute of Biological Sciences , Beijing, China

[835 ] National Institute of Gastoenterology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunopathology , Castellana Grotte (BA), Italy

[836 ] National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Department of Bacteriology I , Tokyo, Japan

[837 ] National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases , Tokyo, Japan

[838 ] National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Department of Life Science , Rourkela, Odisha, India

[839 ] National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Neurosciences , Baltimore, MD, USA

[840 ] National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, RNA Regulation Section, Laboratory of Genetics , Baltimore, MD, USA

[841 ] National Institutes of Health, Cardiovascular Branch, NHLB , Bethesda, MD, USA

[842 ] National Institutes of Health, Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA

[843 ] National Institutes of Health, Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke , Bethesda, MD, USA

[844 ] National Institutes of Health, Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA

[845 ] National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, MD, USA

[846 ] National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Bethesda, MD, USA

[847 ] National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Urologic Oncology Branch , Bethesda, MD, USA

[848 ] National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA

[849 ] National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Cytokine Biology Section , Bethesda, MD, USA

[850 ] National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Clinical Research Program , Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

[851 ] National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, Laboratory of Neurosciences , Baltimore, MD, USA

[852 ] National Institutes of Health, NIAID, Laboratory of Systems Biology , Bethesda, MD, USA

[853 ] National Institutes of Health, NIAMS, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation , Bethesda, MD, USA

[854 ] National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, Genetics of Development and Disease Branch , Bethesda, MD, USA

[855 ] National Institutes of Health, NIDDK, LCMB , Bethesda, MD, USA

[856 ] National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, Coxiella Pathogenesis Section , Hamilton, MT, USA

[857 ] National Jewish Health , Denver, CO, USA

[858 ] Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Germany

[859 ] National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore

[860 ] National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT) , Rome, Italy

[861 ] National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences , Avellino, Italy

[862 ] National Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Biological Sciences , Kaohsiung, Taiwan

[863 ] National Taiwan University, Department of Life Science and Center for Biotechnology , Taipei, Taiwan

[864 ] National Taiwan University, Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Taipei, Taiwan

[865 ] National Taiwan University, Department of Life Science , Taipei, Taiwan

[866 ] National Taiwan University, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan

[867 ] National Taiwan University, Department of Urology, College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan

[868 ] National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan

[869 ] National Taiwan University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan

[870 ] Department of Cardiology, Nanhai Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China

[871 ] National Tsing Hua University, Department of Chemical Engineering , Hsinchu, Taiwan

[872 ] National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, and Department of Life Science , HsinChu City, Taiwan

[873 ] National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System , Singapore

[874 ] National University of Ireland, Apoptosis Research Centre , Galway, Ireland

[875 ] National University of Ireland, Pharmacology and Therapeutics , Galway, Ireland

[876 ] National University of Ireland, Regenerative Medicine Institute , Galway, Ireland

[877 ] National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences , Singapore

[878 ] National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy , Singapore

[879 ] National University of Singapore, Department of Physiology , Singapore

[880 ] National University of Singapore, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , Singapore

[881 ] National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Singapore

[882 ] National University of Singapore, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System (NUHS) , Singapore

[883 ] Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis , Columbus, OH, USA

[884 ] INCI, CNRS UPR3212, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires and Intégratives , Strasbourg, France

[885 ] NCI/CCR, Basic Research Laboratory , Frederick, MD, USA

[886 ] Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Neurobiology Center, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology , Warsaw, Poland

[887 ] Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute-CIBERNED , Barcelona, Spain

[888 ] Neurogenomiks, Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Basque , Leioa, Spain

[889 ] Neuroscience Research Institute , Santa Barbara, CA, USA

[890 ] Neurounion Biomedical Foundation , Santiago, Chile

[891 ] New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York, NY, USA

[892 ] New York Institute of Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine , Old Westbury, NY, USA

[893 ] New York Medical College, Department of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology , Valhalla, NY, USA

[894 ] New York University Langone Medical Center, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research , Orangeburg, NY, USA

[895 ] New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology, and Psychiatry , New York, NY, USA

[896 ] New York University School of Medicine, Skirball Institute, Department of Microbiology , New York, NY, USA

[897 ] New York University, Department of Psychiatry , New York NY; and Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute , Orangeburg, NY, USA

[898 ] New York University, Department of Psychiatry , New York, NY, USA

[899 ] New York University, Nathan Kline Institute , Orangeburg, NY, USA

[900 ] Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Ageing , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

[901 ] Newcastle University, The Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

[902 ] New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center , New York, NY, USA

[903 ] Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Laboratory of Biosignaling , Niigata, Japan

[904 ] Niigata University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Niigata, Japan

[905 ] NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Synaptic Function Section , Bethesda, MD, USA

[906 ] Nippon Medical School, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine , Tokyo, Japan

[907 ] North Dakota State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Fargo, ND, USA

[908 ] North Shore University Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine , Manhasset, NY, USA

[909 ] Northeastern University, Department of Bioengineering , Boston, MA, USA

[910 ] Northern Illinois University, Department of Biological Sciences , DeKalb, IL, USA

[911 ] Northwestern University, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA

[912 ] Northwestern University, Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA

[913 ] Northwestern University, Division of Hematology/Oncology , Chicago, IL, USA

[914 ] Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Chicago, IL, USA

[915 ] Northwestern University, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chicago, IL, USA

[916 ] Norwegian Veterinary Institute , Oslo, Norway

[917 ] Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases , Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan

[918 ] Ohio State University, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity , Columbus, OH, USA

[919 ] Ohio State University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Columbus, OH, USA

[920 ] Ohio State University, Department of Molecular Genetics , Columbus, OH, USA

[921 ] Ohio State University, Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute , Columbus, OH, USA

[922 ] Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine , Columbus, OH, USA

[923 ] Ohio State University, DHLRI, Department of Medicine , Columbus, OH, USA

[924 ] Ohio State University, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center. Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics and Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology , Columbus, OH, USA

[925 ] Ohio University, Division of Physical Therapy , Athens, OH, USA

[926 ] Oregon Health and Science University, Casey Eye Institute , Portland, OR, USA

[927 ] Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute , Portland, OR, USA

[928 ] Oregon State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Corvallis, OR, USA

[929 ] Osaka Prefecture University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science , Osaka, Japan

[930 ] Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dentistry , Osaka, Japan

[931 ] Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Nephrology , Osaka, Japan

[932 ] Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics , Osaka, Japan

[933 ] Osaka University, Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka, Japan

[934 ] Osaka University, Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka, Japan

[935 ] Osaka University, Graduate School of Dentistry , Osaka, Japan

[936 ] Osaka University, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka, Japan

[937 ] Oslo University Hospital, Center for Eye Research , Oslo, Norway

[938 ] Oslo University Hospital, Centre for Cancer Biomedicine , Oslo, Norway

[939 ] Oslo University Hospital, Centre for Immune Regulation , Oslo, Norway

[940 ] Oslo University Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research , Oslo, Norway

[941 ] Oslo University Hospital, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research , Oslo, Norway

[942 ] Oslo University Hospital, Institute for Microbiology , Oslo, Norway

[943 ] University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine (Norway) , Oslo, Norway

[944 ] Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery , Magdeburg, Germany

[945 ] Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology , Magdeburg, Germany

[946 ] Oviedo University, Morphology and Cellular Biology Department , Oviedo, Spain

[947 ] Oxford University, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Molecular Oncology Laboratories , Oxford, UK

[948 ] Paris Cardiovascular Research Center - PARCC , Clichy, France

[949 ] Paris Descartes University–Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute , Paris, France

[950 ] Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS , Paris, France

[951 ] Peking University First Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine , Beijing, China

[952 ] Peking University First Hospital, Renal Division , Beijing, China

[953 ] Peking University, Department of Immunology , Beijing, China

[954 ] Peking University, Department of Medicine , Beijing, China

[955 ] Peking University, Health Science Center, Center for Human Disease Genomics , Beijing, China

[956 ] Peking University, Health Science Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Beijing, China

[957 ] Peking University, Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education , Beijing, China

[958 ] Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology , Hershey, PA, USA

[959 ] Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics , Hershey, PA, USA

[960 ] Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Hershey, PA, USA

[961 ] Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University Hershey Cancer Institute , Hershey, PA, USA

[962 ] Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Hematology/Oncology and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA

[963 ] Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey Cancer Institute and Department of Pediatrics , Hershey, PA, USA

[964 ] Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation , University Park, PA, USA

[965 ] Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Genetics , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[966 ] Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Departments of Pediatrics and Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[967 ] Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development , San Diego, CA, USA

[968 ] Plymouth University, Peninsula School of Medicine and Dentistry , Plymouth, UK

[969 ] Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Warsaw, Poland

[970 ] Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine , Ancona, Italy

[971 ] Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , Ancona, Italy

[972 ] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Physiology Department , Santiago, Chile

[973 ] Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Department of Biophysics , Chandigarh, India

[974 ] Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Department of Urology , Chandigarh, India

[975 ] Program in Rare and Genetic Diseases, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), IBV/CSIC Associated Unit at CIPF , Valencia, Spain

[976 ] Providence Portland Medical Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute , Portland, OR, USA

[977 ] Public Health England, Health Protection Services, Modelling and Economics Unit, Colindale , London, UK

[978 ] Pusan National University, Department of Biological Sciences , Busan, Korea

[979 ] Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cardiology , Jinan, Shandong, China

[980 ] Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan, China

[981 ] Qingdao University, Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine , Qingdao, Shandong Province, China

[982 ] Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Department of Clinical Oncology , Kowloon, Hong Kong

[983 ] Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research , London, UK

[984 ] Queen Mary University of London, Barts Cancer Institute, Center for Molecular Oncology , London, UK

[985 ] Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Trauma , London, UK

[986 ] Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Flow Cytometry Core Facility , London, UK

[987 ] Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute , London, UK

[988 ] Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Biology , Flushing, NY, USA

[989 ] Queen's University of Belfast, Centre for Experimental Medicine , Belfast, UK

[990 ] Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology , Nijmegen, The Netherlands

[991 ] Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine , Nijmegen, The Netherlands

[992 ] Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology , Nijmegen, The Netherlands

[993 ] Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Department of Molecular Materials , Nijmegen, The Netherlands

[994 ] Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory , Rome, Italy

[995 ] Research Center Borstel , Borstel, Germany

[996 ] Rice University, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Houston, TX, USA

[997 ] Rice University, Department of BioSciences , Houston, TX, USA

[998 ] RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology , Saitama, Japan

[999 ] RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Glycometabolome Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group , Saitama, Japan

[1000 ] Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[1001 ] Ritsumeikan University, Department of Biotechnology , Shiga, Japan

[1002 ] Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA

[1003 ] Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics , Buffalo, NY, USA

[1004 ] Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics , Dublin, Ireland

[1005 ] Royal Military College, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kingston , ON, Canada

[1006 ] Royal North Shore Hospital, Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Royal North Shore Hospital and Kolling Institute, Sydney , NSW, Australia

[1007 ] Ruhr University Bochum, Biochemie Intrazellulärer Transportprozesse , Bochum, Germany

[1008 ] Ruhr University Bochum, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry , Bochum, Germany

[1009 ] Ruhr University Bochum, Medical Faculty, System Biochemistry , Bochum, Germany

[1010 ] Ruhr University Bochum, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research , Bochum, Germany

[1011 ] Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Heidelberg University Hospital , Heidelberg, Germany

[1012 ] Rush University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Chicago, IL, USA

[1013 ] Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia

[1014 ] Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine , Newark, NJ, USA

[1015 ] Rutgers University, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience , Piscataway, NJ, USA

[1016 ] Rutgers University, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Piscataway, NJ, USA

[1017 ] Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine , Newark, NJ, USA

[1018 ] Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience , Piscataway, NJ, USA

[1019 ] Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey , New Brunswick, NJ, USA

[1020 ] Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Pharmacology Department , Piscataway, NJ, USA

[1021 ] Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey , Piscataway, NJ, USA

[1022 ] Sabanci University, Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program , Istanbul, Turkey

[1023 ] SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM , Ciudad Real, Spain

[1024 ] Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , St. Louis, MO, USA

[1025 ] Saitama Medical University, Saitama Medical Center, Department of General Thoracic Surgery , Saitama, Japan

[1026 ] Saitama University, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Saitama, Japan

[1027 ] San Diego State University, Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences , San Diego, CA, USA

[1028 ] San Diego State University, Department of Biology , San Diego, CA, USA

[1029 ] San Paolo Hospital Medical School, Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Milano, Italy

[1030 ] San Raffaele Institute, Dept. of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation , Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy

[1031 ] Sanford Burnham Prebys NCI-Cancer Center, Cell Death and Survival Networks Program , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1032 ] Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1033 ] Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cell Death and Survival Networks Program , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1034 ] Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1035 ] Sangamo Biosciences , Richmond, CA, USA

[1036 ] Sanofi , Vitry Sur Seine, France

[1037 ] São Paulo University, Biochemistry Department; and Santo Amaro University, Life Sciences , São Paulo, Brazil

[1038 ] Sapienza University of Rome, DAHFMO-Section of Histology , Rome, Italy

[1039 ] Sapienza University of Rome, DAHFMO-Section of Anatomy , Rome, Italy

[1040 ] Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli” , Rome, Italy

[1041 ] Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Rome, Italy

[1042 ] Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine , Rome, Italy

[1043 ] Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Molecular Medicine , Rome, Italy

[1044 ] Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Sapporo, Japan

[1045 ] Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Bosisio Parini, Italy

[1046 ] Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy

[1047 ] Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors , Gansu, China

[1048 ] Second Military Medical University, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital , Shanghai, China

[1049 ] Second Military Medical University, Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai, China

[1050 ] Second University of Naples, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , Naples, Italy

[1051 ] Second University of Naples, Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology , Naples, Italy

[1052 ] Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry , Budapest, Hungary

[1053 ] Semmelweis University, Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research , Budapest, Hungary

[1054 ] Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Advanced Education for Clinician-Scientists (AECS) , Seoul, Korea

[1055 ] Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Seoul, Korea

[1056 ] Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Sciences , Seoul, Korea

[1057 ] Seoul National University College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Department of Medicine , Seoul, Korea

[1058 ] Seoul National University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine , Seoul, Korea

[1059 ] Seoul National University, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , Seoul, Korea

[1060 ] Seoul National University, Department of Biological Sciences , Seoul, Korea

[1061 ] Seoul National University, College of Pharmacy , Seoul, Korea

[1062 ] Seoul National University, Department of Plant Science , Seoul, Korea

[1063 ] Seoul National University, Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea

[1064 ] Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine , Seoul, Korea

[1065 ] Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Science , Tai'an, China

[1066 ] Shandong University, Department of Toxicology , Jinan, Shandong, China

[1067 ] Shandong University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinan , Shandong, China

[1068 ] Shandong University, School of Life Sciences , Jinan, China

[1069 ] Shandong University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Jinan, Shandong Province, China

[1070 ] Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Division of Antitumor Pharmacology , Shanghai, China

[1071 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Bio-X Institutes , Shanghai, China

[1072 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes , Shanghai, China

[1073 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute , Shanghai, China

[1074 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Shanghai, China

[1075 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital , Shanghai, China

[1076 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shanghai, China

[1077 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology , Shanghai, China

[1078 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education , Shanghai, China

[1079 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital , Shanghai, China

[1080 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension , Shanghai, China

[1081 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology , Shanghai, China

[1082 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital , Shanghai, China

[1083 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine , Shanghai, China

[1084 ] University of Sharjah, College of Medicine, United Arab Emirates

[1085 ] Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital , Shanghai, China

[1086 ] Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology , Shanghai, China

[1087 ] Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Shanghai, China

[1088 ] Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Shanghai, China

[1089 ] Shantou University Medical College, Cancer Research Center, Shantou , Guangdong, China

[1090 ] Shantou University Medical College, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shantou, China

[1091 ] Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Department of Urology , Taipei, Taiwan

[1092 ] Sichuan University, Aging Research Group, State Key Lab for Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Chengdu, China

[1093 ] Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science , Chengdu, Sichuan, China

[1094 ] Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital , Chengdu, China

[1095 ] Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital , Chengdu, China

[1096 ] Sichuan University, West China Hospital, State Key Labortary of Biotherapy , Sichuan, China

[1097 ] Sidra Medical and Research Centre , Doha, Qatar

[1098 ] Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Burnaby, BC, Canada

[1099 ] Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center , Singapore

[1100 ] Sir Runrun Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Department of Medical Oncology , Hangzhou, China

[1101 ] Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Gastrointestinal Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

[1102 ] Soochow University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jiangsu, China

[1103 ] Soochow University, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and Institute of Neuroscience , Suzhou, China

[1104 ] Soochow University, Department of Pathogenic Biology , Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

[1105 ] Soochow University, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases , Suzhou, China

[1106 ] Soochow University, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases , Su Zhou, Jiangsu Province, China

[1107 ] Soochow University, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmacology , Suzhou, China

[1108 ] Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR 7622, IBPS , Paris, France

[1109 ] Sorbonne Universités, UMR S1127 , Paris, France

[1110 ] Sorbonne Universités, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris 6, Brain and Spine Institute, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR722 , Paris, France

[1111 ] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections – CIMI-Paris , Paris, France

[1112 ] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE 3617, Center for Research in Myology , Paris, France

[1113 ] South China Normal University, College of Biophotonics , Guangdong, China

[1114 ] Southern Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital , Guangzhou, China

[1115 ] Southern Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou , Guangdong, China

[1116 ] Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry , Barcelona, Spain

[1117 ] Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Cell Division and Cancer Group , Madrid, Spain

[1118 ] St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung, Children's Cancer Research Institute, Immunological Diagnostics , Vienna, Austria

[1119 ] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Cell and Molecular Biology , Memphis, TN, USA

[1120 ] St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Immunology , Memphis, TN, USA

[1121 ] St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Pathology , Memphis, TN, USA

[1122 ] St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Structural Biology , Memphis, TN, USA

[1123 ] St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN, USA

[1124 ] St. Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , St. Louis, MO, USA

[1125 ] St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology , Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan

[1126 ] St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology , Kanagawa, Japan

[1127 ] St. Paul's Hospital, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation , Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1128 ] Stanford University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Stanford, CA, USA

[1129 ] Stanford University, Department of Radiation Oncology , Stanford, CA, USA

[1130 ] Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Stanford, CA, USA

[1131 ] Stanford University, School of Medicine, Departments of Radiation Oncology and Genetics , Stanford, CA, USA

[1132 ] Stanford University, School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA

[1133 ] State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology , Beijing, China

[1134 ] State University of New York, College of Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Syracuse, NY, USA

[1135 ] State University of New York, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering , Albany, NY, USA

[1136 ] Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences , Stellenbosch, South Africa

[1137 ] Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research , Iowa City, IA, USA

[1138 ] Stockholm University, Department of Neurochemistry , Stockholm, Sweden

[1139 ] Stony Brook University, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Stony Brook, NY, USA

[1140 ] Stony Brook University, Department of Pathology , Stony Brook, NY, USA

[1141 ] Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Uppsala BioCenter, Uppsala, Sweden

[1142 ] Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , Glasgow, UK

[1143 ] Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou, China

[1144 ] Sun Yat-Sen University, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangzhou, China

[1145 ] Sun Yat-Sen University, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science , Guangzhou, China

[1146 ] Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangzhou, China

[1147 ] Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Life Sciences , Guangzhou, China

[1148 ] Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Guangzhou, China

[1149 ] Sun Yat-Sen University, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center , Guangzhou, China

[1150 ] Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severans Biomedical Science Institute and Department of Internal Medicine , Seoul, Korea

[1151 ] Sunnybrook Research Institute; and University of Toronto, Department of Biochemistry , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1152 ] Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter , Uppsala, Sweden

[1153 ] Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Department of Medical Research , Taichung City, Taiwan

[1154 ] Taipei Medical University, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine , Taipei City, Taiwan

[1155 ] Taipei Medical University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences , Taipei, Taiwan

[1156 ] Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology , Taipei, Taiwan

[1157 ] Tamkang University, Department of Chemistry , Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan

[1158 ] Tampere University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery , Tampere, Finland

[1159 ] Technical University Munich, Institute of Human Genetics , Munich, Bavaria, Germany

[1160 ] Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry , Haifa, Israel

[1161 ] Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Unit of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine , Haifa, Israel

[1162 ] Technische Universität Braunschweig, Biozentrum , Braunschweig, Germany

[1163 ] Technische Universität München, Department of Neurology , Munich, Germany

[1164 ] Technische Universität München, II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich, Germany

[1165 ] Technische Universität München, Plant Systems Biology , Freising, Germany

[1166 ] Tel Aviv University, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine , Tel Aviv, Israel

[1167 ] Tel Aviv University, Department of Neurobiology , Tel-Aviv, Israel

[1168 ] Tel Aviv University, Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba and Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv, Israel

[1169 ] Tel Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Tel Aviv, Israel

[1170 ] Tel Aviv University, Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel Aviv, Israel

[1171 ] Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) , Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy

[1172 ] Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory , Singapore

[1173 ] Temple University, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1174 ] Temple University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry; and Center for Translational Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1175 ] Texas A&M Health Science Center, Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Houston, TX, USA

[1176 ] Texas A&M Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Houston, TX, USA

[1177 ] Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Bioscience and Technology , Houston, TX, USA

[1178 ] Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Houston, TX, USA

[1179 ] Texas A&M University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , College Station, TX, USA

[1180 ] Texas A&M University, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center , Bryan, TX, USA

[1181 ] Texas A&M University, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Houston, TX, USA

[1182 ] Texas A&M University, The Norman Borlaug Center , College Station, TX, USA

[1183 ] The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Developmental Erythropoiesis , Manhasset, NY

[1184 ] The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore LIJ Health System, Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease , New York, NY, USA

[1185 ] The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute , Anhui, China

[1186 ] The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Department of General Surgery , Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China

[1187 ] The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Department of General Surgery , Harbin, China

[1188 ] The Fourth Military Medical University, Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital , Xi'an, Shanxi, China

[1189 ] The Fourth Military Medical University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology , Xi'an, China

[1190 ] The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China

[1191 ] The Genome Analysis Centre (TGAC), Institute of Food Research, Gut Health and Food Safety Programme , Norwich, UK

[1192 ] The Helen F. Graham Cancer Center , Newark, DE, USA

[1193 ] The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1194 ] The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging , Sutton, Surrey, UK

[1195 ] The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Faculty of Medicine , Oslo, Norway

[1196 ] The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanning , Guangxi, China

[1197 ] The People's Hospital of Hainan Province, Medical Care Center, Haikou , Hainan, China

[1198 ] The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1199 ] The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Metabolism and Aging , Jupiter, FL, USA

[1200 ] The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience , Jupiter, FL, USA

[1201 ] The Second Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China

[1202 ] The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

[1203 ] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Development and Cancer Division , Parkville, VIC, Australia

[1204 ] The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Plant Sciences , Rehovot, Israel

[1205 ] The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1206 ] The Wistar Institute, Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1207 ] Third Military Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Chongqing, China

[1208 ] Third Military Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital , Shapingba District, Chongqing, China

[1209 ] Third Military Medical University, Department of Occupational Health , Chongqing, China

[1210 ] Third Military Medical University, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine , Chongqing, China

[1211 ] Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Department of Radiation Oncology , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1212 ] Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1213 ] Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1214 ] Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sydney Kimmel Medical College , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1215 ] Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1216 ] Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1217 ] Tianjin Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics , Tianjin, China

[1218 ] Tianjin Medical University, Department of Immunology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics , Tianjin, China

[1219 ] Tianjin Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tianjin, China

[1220 ] Toho University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Tokyo, Japan

[1221 ] Tohoku University, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai , Miyagi, Japan

[1222 ] Tohoku University, Department of Neurology , Sendai, Japan

[1223 ] Tohoku University, Division of Biomedical Engineering for Health and Welfare , Sendai, Japan

[1224 ] Tohoku University, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences , Sendai, Japan

[1225 ] Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai , Miyagi, Japan

[1226 ] Tohoku University, Laboratory of Bioindustrial Genomics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Miyagi, Japan

[1227 ] Tohoku University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Miyagi, Japan

[1228 ] Tokai University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Sciences , Kanagawa, Japan

[1229 ] Tokushima Bunri University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Sanuki City , Kagawa, Japan

[1230 ] Tokushima University, Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Enzyme Research , Tokushima, Japan

[1231 ] Tokyo Denki University, Division of Life Science and Engineering , Hatoyama, Hiki-gun, Saitama, Japan

[1232 ] Tokyo Institute of Technology, Frontier Research Center , Yokohama, Japan

[1233 ] Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Tokyo, Japan

[1234 ] Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Center for Brain Integration Research, Bunkyo , Tokyo, Japan

[1235 ] Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Tokyo, Japan

[1236 ] Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Medical Research Institute, Pathological Cell Biology , Tokyo, Japan

[1237 ] Tokyo Medical University, Department of Biochemistry , Tokyo, Japan

[1238 ] Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Laboratory of Protein Metabolism , Tokyo, Japan

[1239 ] Tokyo University of Science, Department of Applied Biological Science and Imaging Frontier Center , Noda, Chiba, Japan

[1240 ] Tokyo Women's Medical University, Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension , Tokyo, Japan

[1241 ] Tongji University School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital , Shanghai, China

[1242 ] Tongji University, School of Life Science and Technology , Shanghai, China

[1243 ] Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Division of Advanced Diagnostics , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1244 ] Tottori University, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology , Yonago, Japan

[1245 ] Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre , Faridabad, India

[1246 ] Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre; and University of Victoria, BC Cancer Agency; and Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Victoria, BC, Canada

[1247 ] Trinity College Dublin, Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute , Dublin, Ireland

[1248 ] Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Dublin, Ireland

[1249 ] Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics , Dublin, Ireland

[1250 ] Tsinghua University, School of Life Sciences , Beijing, China

[1251 ] Tsinghua University, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science , Beijing, China

[1252 ] Tsinghua University, Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics , Beijing, China

[1253 ] Tufts University, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging , Boston, MA, USA

[1254 ] Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , New Orleans, LA, USA

[1255 ] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research , Silver Spring, MD, USA

[1256 ] U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , Silver Spring, MD, USA

[1257 ] UAE University, Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences , Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE

[1258 ] UCL Cancer Institute , London, UK

[1259 ] UCL Cancer Institute, Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit , London, UK

[1260 ] UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust , London, UK

[1261 ] UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Molecular Neuroscience , London, UK

[1262 ] UCL Institute of Neurology , London, UK

[1263 ] UCL Institute of Ophthalmology , London, UK

[1264 ] UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1265 ] UFRJ, Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[1266 ] Ulm University, Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Compounds and Clinical Pharmacology , Ulm, Germany

[1267 ] Umeå University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Umeå, Sweden

[1268 ] UMR 1280 , Nantes, France

[1269 ] UMR CNRS 5286, INSERM 1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon , Lyon, France

[1270 ] UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris, France

[1271 ] Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesiology , Bethesda, MD, USA

[1272 ] Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Radiation Combined Injury Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA

[1273 ] University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Experimental Therapeutics , Houston, TX, USA

[1274 ] Universidad Austral de Chile, Department of Physiology , Valdivia, Chile

[1275 ] Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CIBERER , Madrid, Spain

[1276 ] Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular , Madrid, Spain

[1277 ] Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biologia Molecular , Madrid, Spain

[1278 ] Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología , Madrid, Spain

[1279 ] Universidad Complutense, School of Pharmacy , Madrid, Spain; and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab olicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

[1280 ] Universidad de Buenos Aires, Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica , Buenos Aires, Argentina

[1281 ] Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Albacete, Spain

[1282 ] Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento Ciencias Medicas , Albacete, Spain

[1283 ] Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas , Albacete, Spain

[1284 ] Universidad de Chile, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas , Santiago, Chile

[1285 ] Universidad de Chile, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) , Santiago, Chile

[1286 ] Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas , Santos Dumont, Santiago de Chile

[1287 ] Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Regulación del Genoma , Santiago, Chile

[1288 ] Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA) , Santiago, Chile

[1289 ] Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Departamento de Genética , Córdoba, Spain

[1290 ] Universidad de Costa Rica, CIET , San José, Costa Rica

[1291 ] Universidad de Extremadura, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional , Cáceres, Spain

[1292 ] Universidad de León, Área de Biología Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina , León, Spain

[1293 ] Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada , Pamplona, Spain

[1294 ] Universidad de Oviedo, Departamento de Biología Funcional , Oviedo, Spain

[1295 ] Universidad de Oviedo, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular , Oviedo, Spain

[1296 ] Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética , Salamanca, Spain

[1297 ] Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), Centro de Investigacion del Cancer , Salamanca, Spain

[1298 ] Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla , Sevilla, Spain

[1299 ] Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla , Sevilla, Spain

[1300 ] Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC , Sevilla, Spain

[1301 ] Universidad de Valparaíso, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias , Valparaíso, Chile

[1302 ] IIS Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza/Araid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón , Zaragoza, Spain

[1303 ] Universidad Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Department of Biophysics and Center of Biotechnology , Porto Alegre, Brazil

[1304 ] Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (FCM-UNCUYO), Instituto de Histologia y Embriologia (IHEM-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Medicas , Mendoza, Argentina

[1305 ] Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Junta de Andalucía , Sevilla, Spain

[1306 ] Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular , Brasília, DF, Brazil

[1307 ] Universidade de Lisboa, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy , Lisboa, Portugal

[1308 ] Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Departamento Farmacoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria , Lugo, Spain

[1309 ] Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP, USP) , São Paulo, Brazil

[1310 ] Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas , São Paulo, Brazil

[1311 ] Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina , São Paulo, SP, Brazil

[1312 ] Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociencias e Biotecnologia, Lab Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Setor de Toxicologia Celular, Campos dos Goytacazes , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

[1313 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

[1314 ] Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina , São Paulo, SP, Brazil

[1315 ] Universidade Nova de Lisboa, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School , Lisboa, Portugal

[1316 ] Universidal de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Departamento de Microbiologia y Genetica , Salamanca, Spain

[1317 ] Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari , Milan, Italy

[1318 ] Universita' degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze , Modena, Italy

[1319 ] Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute , Novara, Italy

[1320 ] Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy

[1321 ] Università di Salerno, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia , Baronissi, Salerno, Italy

[1322 ] Università Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences , Ancona, Italy

[1323 ] Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan, Italy

[1324 ] Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institut de Neurociències , Barcelona, Spain

[1325 ] Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular , Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain

[1326 ] Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia , Barcelona, Spain

[1327 ] Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Departament de Ciències Fisiol∫giques II, Campus de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona, Spain

[1328 ] Universitat Politècnica de València, COMAV Institute , Valencia, Spain

[1329 ] Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I , Düsseldorf, Germany

[1330 ] Université Bordeaux Ségalen, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS, UMR 5095 , Bordeaux, France

[1331 ] Université Bordeaux Segalen, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, CNRS UMR 5095 , Bordeaux, France

[1332 ] Université Bordeaux Segalen, U1035 INSERM, Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques , Bordeaux, France

[1333 ] Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 , Bordeaux, France

[1334 ] Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, UMR PAM, Équipe Vin, Aliment, Microbiologie, Stress , Dijon, France

[1335 ] Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC) , Brussels, Belgium

[1336 ] Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institut des Sciences de la Vie , Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

[1337 ] Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institute of Neuroscience , Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

[1338 ] Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Laboratory of Cell Physiology , Brussels, Belgium

[1339 ] Université Clermont 1, UFR Médecine, UMR1019 Nutrition Humaine , Clermont-Ferrand, France

[1340 ] Université d'Auvergne, M2iSH “Microbes, Intestine, Inflammation, Susceptibility of the Host”, UMR 1071 INSERM, Centre Biomédical de Recherche et Valorisation, Faculté de Médecine , Clermont-Ferrand, France

[1341 ] Université de Bordeaux, INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié , Bordeaux cedex, France

[1342 ] Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293 , Bordeaux, France

[1343 ] Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5095, CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et génétique Cellulaires , Bordeaux, France

[1344 ] Université de Franche-Comté, UFR Sciences et Techniques EA3922/SFR IBCT FED 4234, Estrogènes, Expression Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central , Besançon, France

[1345 ] Université de Franche-Comté, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biochimie , Besançon, France

[1346 ] Université de Limoges, EA 3842, LHCP, Faculté de Médecine , Limoges, France

[1347 ] Université de Lyon, Lyon France; and Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne , France

[1348 ] Université de Lyon, Faculty of Medicine , Saint Etienne, France

[1349 ] Université de Lyon, INSERM, U 1111, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5308 , Lyon, France

[1350 ] Université de Lyon, UMR 5239 CNRS, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France

[1351 ] Université de Montpellier, DIMNP, UMR 5235, CNRS , Montpellier, France

[1352 ] Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, INSERM, U 1194 , Montpellier, France

[1353 ] Université de Montpellier , Montpellier, France

[1354 ] Université de Montréal, Department of Medicine , Montréal, Quebec, Canada

[1355 ] Université de Montréal, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Montreal, QC, Canada

[1356 ] Université de Montréal, Faculty of Pharmacy , Montréal, Québec, Canada

[1357 ] Université de Montréal, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer , Montréal, Québec, Canada

[1358 ] Université de Nantes, CRCNA, UMRINSERM 892/CNRS 6299 , Nantes, France

[1359 ] Université de Rennes-1, Oncogenesis, stress, Signaling” (OSS), ERL 440 INSERM, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugene Marquis , Rennes, France

[1360 ] Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

[1361 ] Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, UMRS 1118 , Strasbourg, France

[1362 ] Université de Strasbourg/CNRS UPR3572, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, IBMC , Strasbourg, France

[1363 ] Université du Québec à Montréal, Département des Sciences Biologiques and Centre de Recherche BioMed , Montréal, Québec, Canada

[1364 ] Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA-DSV-iRTSV-BGE-GenandChem, INSERM, U1038 , Grenoble, France

[1365 ] Université Laval, Neurosciences Axis , Québec, Canada

[1366 ] Universite Libre de Bruxelles, ULB Center for Diabetes Research , Brussels, Belgium

[1367 ] Université Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon, France

[1368 ] Université Montpellier 2, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution - UMR CNRS 5554 , Montpellier, Languedoc-Roussillon, France

[1369 ] Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR E-4320TIRO-MATOs CEA/iBEB, Faculté de Médecine , Nice, France

[1370 ] Université Paris Descartes, Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity Laboratory, Team 11, Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer and Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms , Paris, France

[1371 ] Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris, France

[1372 ] Université Paris Descartes, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM, U1151 , Paris, France

[1373 ] Université Paris Descartes , Paris, France

[1374 ] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V , Paris, France

[1375 ] Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants-Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253 , Paris, France

[1376 ] Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR 7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS , Paris, France

[1377 ] Université Paris Diderot, Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative - CNRS UMR 8251 , Paris, France

[1378 ] Université Paris-Est Créteil , Créteil, France

[1379 ] Université Paris-Est, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale , Paris, France

[1380 ] Université Paris-Sud, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell , Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

[1381 ] Université Paris-Sud, CEA, CNRS , Paris, France

[1382 ] Université Paris-Sud, INSERM 1030, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus , Paris, France

[1383 ] Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, CNRS UMR 8126 , Villejuif, France

[1384 ] Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 8126CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy , Villejuif, France

[1385 ] Universiti Sains Malaysia, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation , Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

[1386 ] University “G. dAnnunzio”, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences , Chieti, Italy

[1387 ] University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Department of Health Sciences , Catanzaro, Italy

[1388 ] University Belgrade, School of Medicine , Belgrade, Serbia

[1389 ] University Bourgogne Franche Comté, EA 7270/INSERM , Dijon, France

[1390 ] University Clinic Heidelberg, Department of Experimental Surgery , Heidelberg, Germany

[1391 ] University Clinics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy (Anatomie 3) , Frankfurt, Germany

[1392 ] University College Cork, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, Co. Cork, Ireland

[1393 ] University College Cork, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics , Cork, Ireland

[1394 ] University College Dublin, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering , Dublin, Ireland

[1395 ] University College London, Department of Clinical Neurosciences , London, UK

[1396 ] University College London, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology , London, UK

[1397 ] University College London, UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , London, UK

[1398 ] University Hospital “Luigi Sacco”, Università di Milano, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, National Research Council-Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco” , Milano, Italy

[1399 ] University Hospital Aachen, IZKF and Department of Internal Medicine III , Aachen, Germany

[1400 ] University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery , Lausanne, Switzerland

[1401 ] University Hospital Cologne, CECAD Research Center , Cologne, Germany

[1402 ] University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Erlangen, Germany

[1403 ] University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Medicine II , Freiburg, Germany

[1404 ] University Hospital Jena, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Experimental Transplantation Surgery , Jena, Germany

[1405 ] University Hospital La Coruña, Microbiology Department , La Coruña, Spain

[1406 ] University Hospital Muenster Albert-Schweitzer-Campus, Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology , Münster, Germany

[1407 ] University Hospital of Göttingen, Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology , Göttingen, Germany

[1408 ] University Hospital of Lausanne, Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology , Lausanne, Switzerland

[1409 ] University Hospital of Muenster, Department of Internal Medicine D, Molecular Nephrology , Muenster, Germany

[1410 ] University Hospital Ulm, Sektion Experimentelle Anaestesiologie , Ulm, Germany

[1411 ] University Hospital Zürich, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatolog , Zürich, Switzerland

[1412 ] University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Abdominal Transplantation , Leuven, Belgium

[1413 ] University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology , Leuven, Belgium

[1414 ] National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

[1415 ] University Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID , Lille, France

[1416 ] University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany

[1417 ] University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Hematology , Groningen, The Netherlands

[1418 ] University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Neuropathology , Hamburg, Germany

[1419 ] University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Institute for Pathobiochemistry , Mainz, Germany

[1420 ] University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Cell Biology , Groningen, The Netherlands

[1421 ] University Medical Centre Göttingen, Clinic for Neurology and Department of Neuroimmunology , Göttingen, Germany

[1422 ] University Medical Centre Göttingen, Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research , Göttingen, Germany

[1423 ] University Medical Centre Utrecht, Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Department of Pediatric Immunology , Utrecht, The Netherlands

[1424 ] University Medicine Göttingen, Department of Neurology , Göttingen, Germany

[1425 ] University Montpellier 1, INSERM U1051 , Montpellier, France

[1426 ] University Montpellier, UMR5235 , Montpellier, France

[1427 ] University of Aberdeen, Division of Applied Medicine , Aberdeen, UK

[1428 ] University of Adelaide, Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory , Adelaide, Australia

[1429 ] University of Adelaide, Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences , Adelaide, SA, Australia

[1430 ] University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology (CDIB), Comprehensive Diabetes Center (UCDC) , Birmingham, AL, USA

[1431 ] University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center , Birmingham, AL, USA

[1432 ] University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology , Birmingham, AL, USA

[1433 ] University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Center for Free Radical Biology , Birmingham, AL, USA

[1434 ] University of Alabama at Birmingham, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology , Birmingham, AL, USA

[1435 ] University of Alabama, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Tuscaloosa, AL, USA

[1436 ] University of Alberta, Department of Biochemistry , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

[1437 ] University of Alcala, Department of System Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine , Madrid, Spain

[1438 ] University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology , Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands

[1439 ] University of Amsterdam, Department of Cellbiology and Histology, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[1440 ] University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[1441 ] University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[1442 ] University of Antwerp, Department of Paediatric Oncology , Antwerp, Belgium

[1443 ] University of Antwerp, Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Wilrijk , Antwerp, Belgium

[1444 ] University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Medicine , Tucson, AZ, USA

[1445 ] University of Arizona College of Medicine, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Department of Child Health , Phoenix, AZ, USA

[1446 ] University of Arizona, Department of Entomology , Tucson, AZ, USA

[1447 ] University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Tucson, AZ, USA

[1448 ] University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology , Little Rock, AR, USA

[1449 ] University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Little Rock, AR, USA

[1450 ] University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology , Little Rock, AR, USA

[1451 ] University of Arkansas, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science , Fayetteville, AR, USA

[1452 ] University of Athens, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology , Athens, Greece

[1453 ] University of Athens, Medical School, Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, Attikon University General Hospital , Athens, Greece

[1454 ] University of Groningen, Department of Cell Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands

[1455 ] University of Aveiro, Institute for Research in Biomedicine - iBiMED, Aveiro Health Sciences Program , Aveiro, Portugal

[1456 ] University of Aveiro/QOPNA, Department of Chemistry , Aveiro, Portugal

[1457 ] University of Barcelona, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS-CIBERehd , Barcelona, Spain

[1458 ] University of Barcelona, School of Medicine, Campus Bellvitge , Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain

[1459 ] University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro', Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses , Bari, Italy

[1460 ] University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro', Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology , Bari, Italy

[1461 ] University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Division of Medical Genetics, DIMO, School of Medicine , Bari, Italy

[1462 ] University of Basel , Biozentrum, Basel, BS, Switzerland

[1463 ] University of Basel , Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland

[1464 ] University of Bayreuth, Cell Biology , Bayreuth, Germany

[1465 ] University of Bayreuth, Department of Biochemistry , Bayreuth, Germany

[1466 ] University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” , Belgrade, Serbia

[1467 ] University of Belgrade, Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine , Belgrade, Serbia

[1468 ] University of Belgrade, Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Belgrade, Serbia

[1469 ] University of Belgrade, School of Medicine , Belgrade, Serbia

[1470 ] University of Belgrade, School of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology , Belgrade, Serbia

[1471 ] University of Bern, Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology , Bern, Switzerland

[1472 ] University of Bern, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Clinical Research , Bern, Switzerland

[1473 ] University of Bern, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine , Bern, Switzerland

[1474 ] University of Bern, Institute of Pharmacology , Bern, Switzerland

[1475 ] University of Birmingham, Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

[1476 ] University of Birmingham, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Birmingham, West Midlands, UK

[1477 ] University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences , Bologna, Italy

[1478 ] University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie , Bologna, Italy

[1479 ] University of Bonn, Department of Neurology , Bonn, Germany

[1480 ] University of Bonn, Institute for Cell Biology , Bonn, Germany

[1481 ] University of Bonn, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology , Bonn, Germany

[1482 ] University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Brescia, Italy

[1483 ] University of Bristol, School of Biochemistry , Bristol, UK

[1484 ] University of Bristol, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Bristol, UK

[1485 ] University of British Columbia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Vancouver, BC Canada

[1486 ] University of British Columbia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

[1487 ] University of British Columbia, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences , Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1488 ] University of British Columbia, Department of Medicine and Brain Research Center ,Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1489 ] University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg Research Centre ,Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1490 ] University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1491 ] University of British Columbia, Department of Psychiatry ,Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1492 ] University of British Columbia, Department of Urological Sciences ,Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1493 ] University of British Columbia, Medical Genetics, and BC Cancer Agency, Terry Fox Laboratory ,Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1494 ] University of British Columbia, Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering ,Vancouver, BC, Canada

[1495 ] University of British Columbia, Michael Smith Laboratories , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

[1496 ] University of Buenos Aires, IDEHU-CONICET, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , Buenos Aires, Argentina

[1497 ] University of Buenos Aires, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , Buenos Aires, Argentina

[1498 ] University of Buenos Aires, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , Buenos Aires, Argentina

[1499 ] University of Calabria, Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, Laboratory of Electron Microscopy , Cosenza, Italy

[1500 ] University of Calabria, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences , Arcavacata di Rende (Cosenza), Italy

[1501 ] University of Calabria, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology , Rende (Cosenza), Italy

[1502 ] University of Calcutta, Department of Biotechnology, Dr.B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Kolkata, WB, India

[1503 ] University of Calgary, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta , Calgary, AB, Canada

[1504 ] University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Calgary, AB, Canada

[1505 ] University of California Berkeley, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Berkeley, CA, USA

[1506 ] University of California Berkeley, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , Berkeley, CA, USA

[1507 ] University of California Davis, Cancer Center , Davis, CA, USA

[1508 ] University of California Davis, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine , Davis, CA, USA

[1509 ] University of California Davis, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Davis, CA, USA

[1510 ] University of California Davis, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior , Davis, CA, USA

[1511 ] University of California Davis, Department of Plant Biology and the Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences , Davis, CA, USA

[1512 ] University of California Davis, Mann Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences , Davis, CA, USA

[1513 ] University of California Irvine, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology , Irvine, CA, USA

[1514 ] University of California Irvine, Department of Neurosurgery , Irvine, CA, USA

[1515 ] University of California Irvine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Irvine, CA, USA

[1516 ] University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA, USA

[1517 ] University of California Los Angeles, Department of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1518 ] University of California Los Angeles, Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1519 ] University of California Riverside, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience , Riverside, CA, USA

[1520 ] University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1521 ] University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1522 ] University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine , San Diego, CA, USA

[1523 ] University of California San Diego, Department of Pathology , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1524 ] University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1525 ] University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1526 ] University of California San Diego, Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1527 ] University of California San Diego, Department of Pharmacology , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1528 ] University of California San Diego, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Neurosciences, and Pediatrics, Division of Biological Sciences Institute for Genomic Medicine , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1529 ] University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1530 ] University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1531 ] University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1532 ] University of California San Diego, San Diego Center for Systems Biology , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1533 ] University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1534 ] University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1535 ] University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , La Jolla, CA, USA

[1536 ] University of California San Francisco, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , San Francisco, CA, USA

[1537 ] University of California San Francisco, Department of Neurological Surgery , San Francisco, CA, USA

[1538 ] University of California San Francisco, Department of Neurology , San Francisco, CA, USA

[1539 ] FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile

[1540 ] University of California San Francisco, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , San Francisco, CA, USA

[1541 ] University of California San Francisco, Department of Surgery , San Francisco, CA, USA

[1542 ] University of California San Francisco, Departments of Neurology and Physiology; Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease , San Francisco, CA, USA

[1543 ] University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology , San Francisco, CA, USA

[1544 ] University of California San Francisco, UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology , San Francisco, CA, USA

[1545 ] University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology , Santa Barbara, CA, USA

[1546 ] University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Department of Medicine , Cambridge, UK

[1547 ] University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics , Cambridge, UK

[1548 ] University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research , Cambridge, UK

[1549 ] University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre , Cambridge, UK

[1550 ] University of Cambridge, Department of BIochemistry , Cambridge, UK

[1551 ] University of Cambridge, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research , Cambridge, UK

[1552 ] University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, UK

[1553 ] University of Cambridge, Division of Virology, Department of Pathology , Cambridge, UK

[1554 ] University of Camerino, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine , Camerino, Italy

[1555 ] University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy , Camerino, Italy

[1556 ] University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, Section of Experimental Medicine , Camerino, MC, Italy

[1557 ] University of Campinas, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology , Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

[1558 ] University of Canterbury, Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences , Christchurch, New Zealand

[1559 ] University of Cape Town, Department of Human Biology , Cape Town, Western Province, South Africa

[1560 ] University of Cape Town, Redox Laboratory, Department of Human Biology , Cape Town, South Africa

[1561 ] University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences , Orlando, FL, USA

[1562 ] University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology , Chicago, IL, USA

[1563 ] University of Chicago, Department of Pathology , Chicago, IL, USA

[1564 ] University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Chicago, IL, USA

[1565 ] University of Chicago, The Ben May Department for Cancer Research , Chicago, IL, USA

[1566 ] University of Chile, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine , Santiago, Chile

[1567 ] P Catholic University of Chile, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine , Santiago, Chile

[1568 ] University of Chile, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute , Santiago, Chile

[1569 ] University of Chile, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Santiago, Chile

[1570 ] University of Chile, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine , Santiago, Chile

[1571 ] University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics , Cincinnati, OH, USA

[1572 ] University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Cancer Biology , Cincinnati, OH, USA

[1573 ] University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital , Cincinnati, OH, USA

[1574 ] University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, USA

[1575 ] University of Coimbra, CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Faculty of Medicine , Coimbra, Portugal

[1576 ] University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy , Coimbra, Portugal

[1577 ] University of Coimbra, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , Cantanhede, Portugal

[1578 ] University of Coimbra , Coimbra, Portugal

[1579 ] University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology , Coimbra, Portugal

[1580 ] University of Coimbra, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine , Coimbra, Portugal

[1581 ] University of Cologne, Department of Dermatology , Cologne, Germany

[1582 ] University of Cologne, Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center , Cologne, Germany

[1583 ] University of Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty , Koeln, Germany

[1584 ] University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Center for Biochemistry , Cologne, Germany

[1585 ] University of Colorado Denver , Boulder, CO, USA

[1586 ] University of Colorado Denver, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine , Aurora, CO, USA

[1587 ] University of Colorado Denver, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Aurora, CO, USA

[1588 ] University of Colorado, Denver; and Denver VAMC , Denver, CO, USA

[1589 ] University of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders , Aurora, CO, USA

[1590 ] University of Colorado, HHMI, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Aurora, CO, USA

[1591 ] University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA

[1592 ] University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, CO, USA

[1593 ] University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Microbiology , Aurora, CO, USA

[1594 ] University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Aurora, CO, USA

[1595 ] University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Aurora, CO, USA

[1596 ] University of Copenhagen, Biotech Research and Innovative Center (BRIC) , Copenhagen, Denmark

[1597 ] University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology , Copenhagen, Denmark

[1598 ] University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Genetics and Microbiology , Copenhagen, Denmark

[1599 ] University of Crete, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Heraklion, Crete, Greece

[1600 ] University of Crete, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Heraklion, Crete, Greece

[1601 ] University of Crete, School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases , Heraklion, Crete, Greece

[1602 ] University of Cyprus, Department of Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics Research Laboratory , Nicosia, Cyprus

[1603 ] University of Debrecen , Debrecen, Hungary

[1604 ] University of Debrecen, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology , Debrecen, Hungary

[1605 ] University of Delaware, Department of Biological Sciences , Newark, DE, USA

[1606 ] University of Delaware, The Center for Translational Cancer Research , Newark, DE, USA

[1607 ] University of Dundee, Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences , UK

[1608 ] University of Dundee, MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences , Dundee, UK

[1609 ] University of East Anglia, Norwich Medical School , Norfolk, UK

[1610 ] University of Eastern Finland, Faculty of Health Science, School of Pharmacy/Toxicology , Kuopio, Finland

[1611 ] University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology , Kuopio, Finland

[1612 ] University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, The Roslin Insitute , Midlothian, UK

[1613 ] University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre , Edinburgh, UK

[1614 ] University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine , Edinburgh, UK

[1615 ] University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Internal Medicine 3 , Erlangen, Germany

[1616 ] University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health (ECEHH), Truro , Cornwall, UK

[1617 ] University of Exeter, School of Biosciences , Exeter, UK

[1618 ] University of Extremadura, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cáceres, Spain

[1619 ] University of Ferrara, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine , Ferrara, Italy

[1620 ] University of Florence, Department of Biology , Florence, Italy

[1621 ] University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1622 ] University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1623 ] University of Florida, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1624 ] University of Florida, Department of Animal Sciences, IFAS/College of Agriculture and Life Science , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1625 ] University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1626 ] University of Florida, Department of Pediatrics/Genetics and Metabolism , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1627 ] University of Florida, Department of Surgery , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1628 ] University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1629 ] University of Florida, Institute on Aging , Gainesville, FL, USA

[1630 ] University of Freiburg, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA) , Freiburg, Germany

[1631 ] University of Fribourg, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, Faculty of Science , Fribourg, Switzerland

[1632 ] University of Fribourg, Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology , Fribourg, Switzerland

[1633 ] University of Geneva, Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism , Geneva, Switzerland

[1634 ] University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology , Geneva, Switzerland

[1635 ] University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging , Athens, GA, USA

[1636 ] University of Georgia, Department of Infectious Diseases , Athens, GA, USA

[1637 ] University of Glasgow, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute , Glasgow, UK

[1638 ] University of Glasgow, Institute of Cancer Sciences , Glasgow, UK

[1639 ] University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , Glasgow, UK

[1640 ] University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, MVLS, Institute of Cancer Sciences , Glasgow, UK

[1641 ] University of Göttingen, Department of Geobiology , Göttingen, Germany

[1642 ] University of Göttingen, Department of Neurology , Göttingen, Germany

[1643 ] University of Graz, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed Graz , Graz, Austria

[1644 ] University of Groningen, Molecular Cell Biology , Groningen, The Netherlands

[1645 ] University of Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology , Heidelberg, Germany

[1646 ] University of Heidelberg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Heidelberg, Germany

[1647 ] University of Helsinki, Biomedicum , Helsinki, Finland

[1648 ] University of Helsinki, Department of Biosciences , Helsinki, Finland

[1649 ] University of Helsinki, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Helsinki, Finland

[1650 ] University of Hong Kong, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy , Hong Kong, China

[1651 ] University of Hong Kong, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry , Hong Kong

[1652 ] University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China

[1653 ] University of Hong Kong, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine , Hong Kong, China

[1654 ] University of Houston, College of Pharmacy, Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Houston, TX, USA

[1655 ] University of Houston, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling , Houston, TX, USA

[1656 ] University of Idaho, Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences , Moscow, ID, USA

[1657 ] University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Chicago, IL, USA

[1658 ] University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics , Chicago, IL, USA

[1659 ] University of Illinois at Chicago, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology , Chicago, IL, USA

[1660 ] University of Illinois at Chicago, Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology and Immunology , Chicago, IL, USA

[1661 ] University of Illinois at Chicago, Deprtment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , Chicago, IL, USA

[1662 ] University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Chicago, IL, USA

[1663 ] University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology , Urbana, IL, USA

[1664 ] University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Institute for Genomic Biology , Urbana, IL, USA

[1665 ] University of Innsbruck, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research , Innsbruck, Austria

[1666 ] University of Insubria, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences , Varese, Italy

[1667 ] University of Iowa, Children's Hospital , Iowa City, IA, USA

[1668 ] University of Iowa, Department of Health and Human Physiology , Iowa City, IA, USA

[1669 ] University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine , Iowa City, IA, USA

[1670 ] University of Iowa, Department of Medicine , Iowa City, IA, USA

[1671 ] University of Iowa, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Iowa City, IA, USA

[1672 ] University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biology of Physical Activity , Jyväskylä, Finland

[1673 ] University of Kansas and University of Kansas Cancer Center, Departments of Molecular Biosciences and Radiation Oncology , Lawrence, KS, USA

[1674 ] University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics , Kansas City, KS, USA

[1675 ] University of Kaohsiung Medical University, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung, Taiwan

[1676 ] University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences , Lexington, KY, USA

[1677 ] University of Kentucky, Department of Biology , Lexington, KY, USA

[1678 ] University of Kentucky, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , Lexington, KY, USA

[1679 ] University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences , Lexington, KY, USA

[1680 ] University of Kentucky , Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Lexington, KY, USA

[1681 ] University of Kiel, Department of Cardiology , Kiel, Germany

[1682 ] University of Kiel, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology , Kiel, Germany

[1683 ] University of Kiel, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science , Kiel, Germany

[1684 ] University of La Réunion, CYROI, IRG Immunopathology and Infection Research Grouping , Reunion, France

[1685 ] University of L'Aquila, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Division of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology , L'Aquila, Italy

[1686 ] University of Lausanne, Department of Biochemistry , Epalinges, Switzerland

[1687 ] University of Lausanne, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine , Lausanne, Switzerland

[1688 ] University of Lausanne, Department of Ophthalmology , Lausanne, Switzerland

[1689 ] Hakim Sabzevari University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

[1690 ] University of Leicester, Department of Cancer Studies , Leicester, UK

[1691 ] University of Leicester, Department of Genetics , Leicester, UK

[1692 ] University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy , Leuven, Belgium

[1693 ] University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences , Leuven, Belgium

[1694 ] KU Leuven–University of Leuven, Center for Human Genetics; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease , Leuven, Belgium

[1695 ] University of Liege, GIGA-Signal Transduction Department, Protein Signalisation and Interaction Laboratory , Liège, Belgium

[1696 ] University of Lille, INSERM UMR1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EGID , Lille, France

[1697 ] University of Limoges, Department of Histology and Cell Biology , Limoges, France

[1698 ] University of Liverpool, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine , Liverpool, UK

[1699 ] University of Ljubljana, Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine , Ljubljana, Slovenia

[1700 ] University of London, RVC Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research , London, UK

[1701 ] University of Louisiana at Monroe, School of Pharmacy , Monroe, LA, USA

[1702 ] University of Louisville, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , Louisville, KY, USA

[1703 ] University of Louisville, Department of Medicine (Hem-Onc) , Louisville, KY, USA

[1704 ] University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center , Louisville, KY, USA

[1705 ] University of Louisville, Department of Physiology , Louisville, KY, USA

[1706 ] University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Louisville, KY, USA

[1707 ] University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology , Louisville, KY, USA

[1708 ] University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Louisville, KY, USA

[1709 ] University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine , Luxembourg

[1710 ] University of Macau, State Key Lab of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , Macao, China

[1711 ] University of Malta, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , Msida, Malta

[1712 ] University of Manchester, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism , UK

[1713 ] University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences , Manchester, UK

[1714 ] University of Manchester, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences , Manchester, UK

[1715 ] University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and Immunology , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

[1716 ] University of Manitoba, Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

[1717 ] University of Manitoba, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

[1718 ] University of Manitoba, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

[1719 ] University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science , College Park, MD, USA

[1720 ] University of Maryland, Department of Veterinary Medicine , College Park, MD, USA

[1721 ] University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Department of Physiology , Baltimore, MD, USA

[1722 ] University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), National Study Center for Trauma and EMS , Baltimore, MD, USA

[1723 ] University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology , Baltimore, MD, USA

[1724 ] University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Chemistry , Baltimore, MD, USA

[1725 ] University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Baltimore, MD, USA

[1726 ] University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences , Baltimore, MD, USA

[1727 ] University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Baltimore, MD, USA

[1728 ] University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology , Baltimore, MD, USA

[1729 ] University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology , Worcester, MA, USA

[1730 ] University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Department of Neurology , Worcester, MA, USA

[1731 ] University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Worcester, MA, USA

[1732 ] University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Cellular and Molecular Signaling , Newark, NJ, USA

[1733 ] Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, and University of Melbourne, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology , Parkville, Victoria, Australia

[1734 ] University of Melbourne, Department of Pathology , Parkville, Victoria, Australia

[1735 ] University of Melbourne, Department of Physiology , Parkville, Australia

[1736 ] Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

[1737 ] University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology , Miami, FL, USA

[1738 ] University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center , Miami, FL, USA

[1739 ] University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1740 ] University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1741 ] University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1742 ] University of Michigan, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1743 ] University of Michigan, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1744 ] University of Michigan, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1745 ] University of Michigan, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1746 ] University of Michigan, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1747 ] University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1748 ] University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1749 ] University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1750 ] University of Michigan, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Psychiatry, and Human Genetics , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1751 ] University of Michigan, Neurosurgery , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1752 ] University of Michigan, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1753 ] University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences , Ann Arbor, MI, USA

[1754 ] University of Milan, Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology and Department of Biosciences , Milan, Italy

[1755 ] University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences , Milan, Italy

[1756 ] University of Milan, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health , Milan, Italy

[1757 ] Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

[1758 ] University of Minho, Molecular and Environmental Biology Centre (CBMA)/Department of Biology , Braga, Portugal

[1759 ] ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal

[1760 ] University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics , Minneapolis, MN, USA

[1761 ] University of Minnesota, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development , Minneapolis, MN, USA

[1762 ] University of Minnesota, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology , Minneapolis, MN, USA

[1763 ] University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience , Minneapolis, MN, USA

[1764 ] University of Minnesota, Department of Surgery , Minneapolis, MN, USA

[1765 ] University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Life Sciences , Modena, Italy

[1766 ] University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences , Modena, Italy

[1767 ] University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences , Modena, Italy

[1768 ] University of Montpellier, INRA, UMR 866, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme , Montpellier, France

[1769 ] University of Montpellier, UMR 866, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme , Montpellier, France

[1770 ] University of Montpellier, UMR 5554 , Montpellier, France

[1771 ] University of Murcia-IMIB Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital, Human Anatomy and Psycobiology Department, Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplantation Unit , Murcia, Spain

[1772 ] University of Nagasaki, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Human Health Science , Nagasaki, Japan

[1773 ] University of Namur, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS) , Namur, Belgium

[1774 ] University of Namur, Research Unit in Molecular Physiology (URPhyM) , Namur, Belgium

[1775 ] University of Naples Federico II, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production , Naples, Italy

[1776 ] University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine , Omaha, NE, USA

[1777 ] University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE, USA

[1778 ] University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences , Lincoln, NE, USA

[1779 ] University of New Mexico, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Albuquerque, NM, USA

[1780 ] University of New Mexico, Department of Internal Medicine , Albuquerque, NM, USA

[1781 ] University of New Mexico, Department of Pathology and Cancer Research and Treatment Center , Albuquerque, NM, USA

[1782 ] University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Albuquerque, NM, USA

[1783 ] University of New South Wales, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences , Sydney, NSW, Australia

[1784 ] University of New South Wales, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences , Sydney, NSW, Australia

[1785 ] University of Newcastle, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy , Newcastle, NSW, Australia

[1786 ] University of Newcastle, School of Medicine and Public Health , Callaghan, NSW, Australia

[1787 ] University of Nice, INSERM U1065, C3M , Nice, France

[1788 ] University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, INSERM U1081, CNRS 7284, Faculty of Medicine , Nice, France

[1789 ] University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN) , Nice, France

[1790 ] University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, IRCAN , Nice, France

[1791 ] University of Niigata, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Research Institute , Niigata, Japan

[1792 ] University of North Carolina, Department of Genetics , Chapel Hill, NC, USA

[1793 ] University of North Carolina, Department of Microbiology-Immunology , Chapel Hill, NC, USA

[1794 ] University of North Carolina, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , Chapel Hill, NC, USA

[1795 ] University of North Carolina, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, Center for Translational Immunology , Chapel Hill, NC, USA

[1796 ] University of North Carolina, Microbiology and Immunology , Chapel Hill, NC, USA

[1797 ] University of North Dakota, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences , Grand Forks, ND, USA

[1798 ] University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics , Fort Worth, TX, USA

[1799 ] University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences , Nottingham, UK

[1800 ] University of Occupational and Environmental Health School of Medicine, Department of Neurology , Fukuoka, Japan

[1801 ] University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Third Department of Internal Medicine , Kitakyushu, Japan

[1802 ] University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine , Oklahoma City, OK, USA

[1803 ] University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology , Oklahoma City, OK, USA

[1804 ] University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine , Oklahoma City, OK, USA

[1805 ] University of Oslo, Centre for Cancer Biomedicine , Oslo, Norway

[1806 ] University of Oslo, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM) , Oslo, Norway

[1807 ] University of Oslo, Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research , Oslo, Norway

[1808 ] University of Oslo, Department of Molecular Oncology, Department of Urology , Oslo, Norway

[1809 ] University of Oslo, Department of Clinical Molecular Biology , Oslo, Norway

[1810 ] University of Oslo, Department of Ophthalmology , Oslo, Norway

[1811 ] Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK

[1812 ] University of Oslo, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Oslo, Norway

[1813 ] University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership , Oslo, Norway

[1814 ] University of Osnabrueck, Division of Microbiology , Osnabrueck, Germany

[1815 ] University of Osnabrueck, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie , Osnabrueck, Germany

[1816 ] University of Ottawa, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

[1817 ] University of Ottawa, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

[1818 ] University of Oviedo, Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus del Cristo , Oviedo, Spain

[1819 ] University of Oxford, Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine , Oxford, UK

[1820 ] University of Oxford, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology , Oxford, UK

[1821 ] University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , Oxford, UK

[1822 ] University of Padova, Department of Biology , Padova, Italy

[1823 ] University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine , Padova, Italy

[1824 ] University of Padova, Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Laboratory of Oncohematology , Padova, Italy

[1825 ] University of Padova, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science , Padova, Italy

[1826 ] University of Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) , Palermo, Italy

[1827 ] University of Parma, Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Translational Sciences , Parma, Italy

[1828 ] University of Parma, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Translational Research , Parma, Italy

[1829 ] University of Pavia, Department of Biology and Biotechnology , Pavia, Italy

[1830 ] University of Pavia, Department of Health Sciences , Pavia, Italy

[1831 ] University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1832 ] University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1833 ] University of Pennsylvania, Center for Cell and Molecular Therapy, The Children Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1834 ] University of Pennsylvania, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1835 ] University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biochemistry, SDM , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1836 ] University of Pennsylvania, Department of Microbiology , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1837 ] University of Pennsylvania, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA

[1838 ] Laboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude, EA 4604, University of Perpignan Via Domitia , Font-Romeu, France

[1839 ] University of Perugia, Department of Experimental Medicine , Perugia, Italy

[1840 ] University of Pisa, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , Pisa, Italy

[1841 ] University of Pisa, Interdepartmental Research Centre on Biology and Pathology of Aging , Pisa, Italy

[1842 ] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1843 ] University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1844 ] University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Surgery , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1845 ] University of Pittsburgh, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1846 ] University of Pittsburgh, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1847 ] University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pathology , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1848 ] University of Pittsburgh, Department of Surgery, Hillman Cancer Center , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1849 ] University of Pittsburgh, Department of Surgery , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1850 ] University of Pittsburgh, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1851 ] University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1852 ] University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Endodontics , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1853 ] University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1854 ] University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1855 ] University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Immunology , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1856 ] University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Center for Neuroscience , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1857 ] University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1858 ] University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1859 ] University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrine Surgery , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1860 ] University of Pittsburgh, Vascular Medicine Institute , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[1861 ] University of Poitiers, EA3808 Molecular Targets and Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease , Poitiers, France

[1862 ] University of Porto, Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology , Porto, Portugal

[1863 ] University of Porto, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , Porto, Portugal

[1864 ] University of Porto, Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine , Porto, Portugal

[1865 ] University of Porto, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Porto, Portugal

[1866 ] University of Pretoria, Department of Physiology , Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa

[1867 ] University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, Department of Biology and Medicine , Trois-Rivieres, Quebec, Canada

[1868 ] University of Queensland, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

[1869 ] University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) , Brisbane, Australia

[1870 ] University of Reading, School of Pharmacy , Reading, UK

[1871 ] University of Reading, School of Pharmacy, Whiteknights , Reading, UK

[1872 ] University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology , Rochester, NY, USA

[1873 ] University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Rochester, NY, USA

[1874 ] University of Siena, Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience, Siena, Italy

[1875 ] University of Rome “Sapienza”, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies , Latina, Italy

[1876 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Biology , Rome, Italy

[1877 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention , Rome, Italy

[1878 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Chemistry , Rome, Italy

[1879 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine , Rome, Italy

[1880 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , Rome, Italy

[1881 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Surgery and Experimental Medicine , Rome, Italy

[1882 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of System Medicine , Rome, Italy

[1883 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Department of Systems Medicine , Rome, Italy

[1884 ] University of Rome “Tor Vergata” , Department of Biology, Rome, Italy

[1885 ] University of Rzeszow, Institute of Cell Biology , Rzeszow, Poland

[1886 ] University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology , Lecce, Italy

[1887 ] University of Salento, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA) , Lecce, Italy

[1888 ] University of Salerno, Department of Pharmacy , Fisciano, Salerno, Italy

[1889 ] University of Salerno, Section of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery , Salerno, Italy

[1890 ] University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Science, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , São Paulo, SP, Brazil

[1891 ] University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

[1892 ] University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Physiology , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

[1893 ] University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport, Cellular and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory , São Paulo, Brazil

[1894 ] University of Science and Technology of China , Anhui, China

[1895 ] University of Science and Technology of China, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Lifesciences , Hefei, Anhui, China

[1896 ] University of Science and Technology of China, School of Life Sciences, and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale , Hefei, Anhui, China

[1897 ] University of Science and Technology of China, School of Life Sciences , Hefei, Anhui, China

[1898 ] University of Sevilla, Department of Cell Biology , Sevilla, Spain

[1899 ] University of Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Oral Medicine Department , Sevilla, Spain

[1900 ] University of Sheffield, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Sheffield, UK

[1901 ] University of Sherbrooke, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Department of Medicine/Gastroenterology Division , Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

[1902 ] University of Siena, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine , Siena, Italy

[1903 ] University of Silesia, Department of Animal Histology and Embryology , Katowice, Poland

[1904 ] University of South Alabama, Mitchell Cancer Institute , Mobile, AL, USA

[1905 ] University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide , SA, Australia

[1906 ] University of South Australia, Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, Adelaide , SA, Australia

[1907 ] University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy , Columbia, SC, USA

[1908 ] University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology , Columbia, SC, USA

[1909 ] University of South Carolina Upstate, Department of Biology, Division of Natural Sciences and Engineering , Spartanburg, SC

[1910 ] University of South Carolina, Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Columbia, SC, USA

[1911 ] University of South Dakota, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences , Vermillion, SD, USA

[1912 ] University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences , Vermillion, SD, USA

[1913 ] University of South Dakota , Vermillion, SD, USA

[1914 ] University of South Florida, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute , Tampa, FL, USA

[1915 ] University of South Florida, Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology , Tampa, FL, USA

[1916 ] University of South Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine , Tampa, FL, USA

[1917 ] University of South Florida, Department of Pharmaceutical Science , Tampa, FL, USA

[1918 ] University of South Florida, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute , Tampa, FL, USA

[1919 ] University of Southampton, Cancer Sciences , Southampton, UK

[1920 ] University of Southampton, Centre for Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus , Southampton, UK

[1921 ] University of Southern California, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1922 ] University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1923 ] University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Cell and Neurobiology , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1924 ] University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Neurology and Pathology , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1925 ] University of Southern California, Research ALPD and Cirrhosis Center, Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1926 ] University of Southern California, The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA

[1927 ] University of Southern Denmark, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Odense, Denmark

[1928 ] University of St Andrews, School of Medicine , St Andrews, Fife, UK

[1929 ] University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , Glasgow, UK

[1930 ] University of Sunderland, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Applied Sciences , Sunderland, UK

[1931 ] University of Sydney, Department of Cardiology , Sydney, NSW, Australia

[1932 ] University of Sydney, Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute , St Leonards, NSW, Australia

[1933 ] University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute , Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

[1934 ] University of Szeged, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology , Szeged, Csongrád, Hungary

[1935 ] University of Szeged, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine , Szeged, Hungary

[1936 ] University of Tartu, Department of Pharmacology , Tartu, Estonia

[1937 ] University of Tartu, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine , Tartu, Estonia

[1938 ] University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences , Launceston, Tasmania

[1939 ] University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Physiology , Memphis, TN, USA

[1940 ] University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Medicinal Chemistry , Austin, TX, USA

[1941 ] University of Texas, Department of Biochemistry , Dallas, TX, USA

[1942 ] University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine , Center for Autophagy Research, Dallas, TX, USA

[1943 ] University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[1944 ] University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[1945 ] University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry , Houston, TX, USA

[1946 ] University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, CTRC Institute for Drug Development , San Antonio, TX, USA

[1947 ] University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Molecular Medicine , San Antonio, TX, USA

[1948 ] University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Pathology , San Antonio, TX, USA

[1949 ] University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, Department of Urology , San Antonio, TX, USA

[1950 ] University of Texas, Health Sciences Center-Houston (UTHSC), Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology , Houston, TX, USA

[1951 ] University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology , Houston, TX, USA

[1952 ] University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology , Houston, TX, USA

[1953 ] University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Hematopathology , Houston, TX, USA

[1954 ] University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neuro-Oncology , Houston, TX, USA

[1955 ] University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Systems Biology , Houston, TX, USA

[1956 ] University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA

[1957 ] University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility , Houston, TX, USA

[1958 ] University of Texas, Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Galveston, TX, USA

[1959 ] University of Texas, Medical Branch, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism , Galveston, TX, USA

[1960 ] University of Texas, Medical Branch, Department of Pathology , Galveston, TX, USA

[1961 ] University of Texas, Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy , Houston, TX, USA

[1962 ] University of Texas, Medical School at Houston, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine , Houston, TX, USA

[1963 ] University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Dermatology , Dallas, TX

[1964 ] University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX, USA

[1965 ] University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research , Dallas, TX, USA

[1966 ] University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine , Dallas, TX

[1967 ] University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience , Dallas, TX

[1968 ] University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Medicine and Molecular Biology , Dallas, TX

[1969 ] University of Virginia, Departments of Biology and Cell Biology, Charlottesville, VA, USA

[1970 ] University of the District of Columbia, Cancer Research Laboratory , Washington, DC, USA

[1971 ] University of Tokyo, Bioimaging Center, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , Chiba, Japan

[1972 ] University of Tokyo, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan

[1973 ] University of Tokyo, Department of Biotechnology , Tokyo, Japan

[1974 ] University of Tokyo, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences , Tokyo, Japan

[1975 ] University of Toledo, Department of Biological Sciences , Toledo, OH, USA

[1976 ] University of Toronto, Department of Cell and Systems Biology , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1977 ] University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1978 ] University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1979 ] University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine , Toronto, Canada

[1980 ] University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1981 ] University of Toronto, Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON, Canada

[1982 ] University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1983 ] University of Toronto/Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[1984 ] University of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse , Toulouse, France

[1985 ] University of Toulouse, INSERM UMR 1048 , Toulouse, France

[1986 ] University of Toyama, Division of Natural Drug Discovery, Institute of Natural Medicine , Toyama, Japan

[1987 ] University of Trento, The Microsoft Research, Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI) , Rovereto, TN, Italy

[1988 ] University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Medical Biology , Tromsø, Norway

[1989 ] University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology , Tromsø, Norway

[1990 ] University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Department of Plant Biochemistry , Tübingen, Germany

[1991 ] University of Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics , Tübingen, Germany

[1992 ] University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , Turin, TO, Italy

[1993 ] University of Turin, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology , Turin, Italy

[1994 ] University of Turin, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi , Turin, Italy

[1995 ] University of Turin , Turin, Italy

[1996 ] University of Tuscia, Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF) , Viterbo, Italy

[1997 ] University of Udine, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Biologiche , Udine, Italy

[1998 ] University of Ulm, Institute of Applied Physiology , Ulm, Germany

[1999 ] University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Seoul, Korea

[2000 ] University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Department of Surgery , Seoul, Korea

[2001 ] University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Department of Brain Science , Seoul, Korea

[2002 ] University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Department of Biomolecular Sciences , Urbino, Italy

[2003 ] University of Utah School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Salt Lake City, UT, USA

[2004 ] University of Utah, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology , Salt Lake City, UT, USA

[2005 ] University of Valencia, Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, IATA-CSIC , Valencia, Spain

[2006 ] University of Valencia, Departamento de Biotecnología, IATA-CSIC , Valencia, Spain

[2007 ] University of Valencia, Department of Pharmacology , Valencia, Spain

[2008 ] University of Valencia, Department of Physiology , Burjassot, Valencia, Spain

[2009 ] University of Verona, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences , Verona, Italy

[2010 ] University of Vienna, Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories , Vienna, Austria

[2011 ] University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories , Vienna, Austria

[2012 ] University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA, USA

[2013 ] University of Virginia, Department of Cell Biology , Charlottesville, VA, USA

[2014 ] University of Warwick, Life Sciences , Coventry, UK

[2015 ] University of Washington, Department of Pathology , Seattle, WA

[2016 ] University of Waterloo, Department of Biology , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

[2017 ] University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

[2018 ] University of Wisconsin, Department of Dermatology , Madison, WI, USA

[2019 ] Washington University in St Louis, Department of Biology, St. Louis, MO , USA

[2020 ] University of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine , Madison, WI, USA

[2021 ] University of Wisconsin, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute , Madison, WI, USA

[2022 ] University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, WI, USA

[2023 ] University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences , Madison, WI, USA

[2024 ] University of Wyoming, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences , Laramie, WY, USA

[2025 ] University of York, Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School , York, UK

[2026 ] University of York, Department of Biology , Heslington, York, UK

[2027 ] University of Zaragoza, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences , Zaragoza, Spain

[2028 ] University of Zürich, Department of Radiation Oncology , Zurich, Switzerland

[2029 ] University of Zurich, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute , Zurich, Switzerland

[2030 ] University of Zurich, Institute of Experimental Immunology , Zurich, Switzerland

[2031 ] University of Zürich, Institute of Physiology , Zürich, Switzerland

[2032 ] University Paul Sabatier, INSERM U1048 , Toulouse, France

[2033 ] University Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR8256/INSERM U-1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) , Paris, France

[2034 ] University Roma Tre, Department of Science , LIME, Rome, Italy

[2035 ] US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Systems Biology , Jefferson, AR, USA

[2036 ] US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicology Research, Division of Microbiology , Jefferson, AR, USA

[2037 ] USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Department of Neuroscience and Aging , Boston, MA, USA

[2038 ] VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System , Omaha, NE, USA

[2039 ] VA Pittsburgh Health System, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, PA, USA

[2040 ] Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Neurodegenerative Diseases Lab , Barcelona, Spain

[2041 ] Vall d'Hebron Research Institute-CIBERNED, Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group , Barcelona, Spain

[2042 ] Van Andel Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science , Grand Rapids, MI, USA

[2043 ] Van Andel Research Institute, Laboratory of Systems Biology , Grand Rapids, MI, USA

[2044 ] Vancouver Prostate Centre ,Vancouver, BC, Canada

[2045 ] Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Surgery , Nashville, TN, USA

[2046 ] Vanderbilt University, Department of Neurology , Nashville, TN, USA

[2047 ] Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics , Nashville, TN, USA

[2048 ] Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology , Nashville, TN, USA

[2049 ] Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Pathology Microbiology and Immunology , Nashville, TN, USA

[2050 ] Venus Medicine Research Center (VMRC) , Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India

[2051 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Richmond, VA, USA

[2052 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Richmond, VA, USA

[2053 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine , Richmond, VA, USA

[2054 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Internal Medicine , Richmond, VA, USA

[2055 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Richmond, VA, USA

[2056 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Richmond, VA, USA

[2057 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Internal Medicine, VCU Pauley Heart Center , Richmond, VA, USA

[2058 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine , Richmond, VA, USA

[2059 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Department of Medicine , Richmond, VA, USA

[2060 ] Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center , Richmond, VA, USA

[2061 ] Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Autoimmunity and Vascular Inflammation Unit , Milan, Italy

[2062 ] San Raffaele Scientific Institute, European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis , Milan, Italy

[2063 ] INSPE, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience , San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

[2064 ] San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan, Italy

[2065 ] VU University Medical Center, Department of Medical Oncology , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[2066 ] VU University Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[2067 ] VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology , Amsterdam, The Netherlands

[2068 ] University of Nevada School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Reno, NV, USA

[2069 ] VU University, Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, Department of Clinical Genetics and Alzheimer Center , Amsterdam, Netherlands

[2070 ] Department of Genome Analysis , Amsterdam, Netherlands

[2071 ] VU University, Departments of Functional Genomics and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research , Amsterdam, Netherlands

[2072 ] Wake Forest University, Department of Surgery and Cancer Biology , Winston-Salem, NC, USA

[2073 ] Wake Forest University, Department of Surgery, Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center , Winston-Salem, NC, USA

[2074 ] Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences , Warsaw, Poland

[2075 ] Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Warsaw, Poland

[2076 ] Washington State University Vancouver, School of Molecular Biosciences , Vancouver, WA, USA

[2077 ] Washington State University, School of Molecular Biosciences , Pullman, WA, USA

[2078 ] Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2079 ] Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2080 ] Washington University, Department of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2081 ] Washington University, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2082 ] Washington University, School of Medicine, Department of Developmental Biology , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2083 ] Washington University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2084 ] Washington University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2085 ] Washington University, School of Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Pathology and Immunology , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2086 ] Washington University, School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2087 ] Washington University, School of Medicine, John Cochran VA Medical Center, Center for Cardiovascular Research , St. Louis, MO, USA

[2088 ] Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute , Detroit, MI, USA

[2089 ] Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit, MI, USA

[2090 ] Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Departments of Oncology and Pathology , Detroit, MI, USA

[2091 ] Wayne State University, School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA

[2092 ] Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , New York, NY, USA

[2093 ] Weill Cornell Medical College, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine , New York, NY, USA

[2094 ] Weill Cornell Medical College, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine , New York, NY, USA

[2095 ] Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY, USA

[2096 ] Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biological Chemistry , Rehovot, Israel

[2097 ] Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Chemical Biology , Rehovot, Israel

[2098 ] Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics , Rehovot, Israel

[2099 ] Wenzhou Medical University, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital , Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

[2100 ] Western University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , London, ON, Canada

[2101 ] Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine , Münster, Germany

[2102 ] Whitehead Institute, HHMI and Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA, USA

[2103 ] Wonkwang University, Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry , Chonbuk, Korea

[2104 ] Wuhan University, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology , Wuhan, Hubei, China

[2105 ] Xiamen University, School of Life Sciences , Fujian, China

[2106 ] Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Center, Department of Pharmacology , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

[2107 ] Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Shaanxi, China

[2108 ] Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, China

[2109 ] Xuzhou Medical College, Department of Pathology , Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

[2110 ] Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Howard Hughes Medical Institute , New Haven, CT, USA

[2111 ] Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine , New Haven, CT, USA

[2112 ] Yamaguchi University, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene , Yamaguchi, Japan

[2113 ] Yeshiva University , New York, NY, USA

[2114 ] Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics , Yokohama, Japan

[2115 ] Yonsei University, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology , Seoul, Korea

[2116 ] Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute; and Department of Ophthalmology , Seoul, Korea

[2117 ] Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute , Seoul, Korea

[2118 ] Yonsei University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science , Seoul, Korea

[2119 ] Yonsei University, Division of Biological Science and Technology , Wonju, Korea

[2120 ] York College/The City University of New York, Department of Biology , Jamaica, NY, USA

[2121 ] York University, School of Kinesiology and Health Science , Toronto, Ontario, Canada

[2122 ] Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology , Hangzhou, China

[2123 ] Zhejiang University, Deparment of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

[2124 ] Zhejiang University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies , Hangzhou, China

[2125 ] Zhejiang University, Department of Food Science and Nutrition , Hangzhou, China

[2126 ] Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China

[2127 ] Zhejiang University, Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology , Hangzhou, China

[2128 ] Zhejiang University, Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Hangzhou, China

[2129 ] Zhejiang University, Institute of Insect Science , Hangzhou, China

[2130 ] Zhejiang University, Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics , Hangzhou, China

[2131 ] Zhejiang University, Life Sciences Institute , Zhejiang, China

[2132 ] Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

[2133 ] Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

[2134 ] Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

[2135 ] Zhengzhou University Affiliated Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China

Author notes

CONTACT Daniel J. Klionsky, klionsky@ 123456umich.edu Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216.

Article

Accession ID: PMC4835977 Pmcid ID: PMC4835977 Pmc-uid ID: 4835977 Publisher ID: 1100356

DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

PMC ID: 4835977

PubMed ID: 26799652

SO-VID: 50b3cad0-104a-4a93-b500-783631363edd

History

Date received : 22 September 2015

Date accepted : 22 September 2015

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Figures: 32, Tables: 4, References: 2188, Pages: 222

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