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      Ocular Hypotonia and Transient Decrease of Vision as a Consequence of Exposure to a Common Toad Poison

      1 , 1 , 2
      Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
      Hindawi Limited

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          Abstract

          The common toad produces venom (bufotoxin) that is produced in the parotid gland of the toad as well as in the skin. This toxic compound is a potent inhibitor of Na +/K +-ATPase activity. Physiological effects of bufotoxin are similar to those of digitalis and cause increased heart rate and muscle contractions. Ocular toxicity was described. A 67-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency service because of sudden vision loss and a burning sensation in both eyes after she had been exposed to the poison of a toad. Slit lamp examination showed conjunctival hyperaemia and signs of ocular hypotonia. Topical antibiotic treatment was administered, and after 24 hours, corneal oedema and ocular hypotonia were in remission. Inhibition of Na +/K +-ATPase is a well-known effect of the toad venom. Na +/K +-ATPase is a part of corneal endothelial cells, ciliary body, and iris, and its inhibition caused by exposure to bufadienolides induces corneal dysfunction, decreased vision, and ocular hypotonia. Effects of bufadienolides on the decrease of ocular pressure appear to be very strong, with quick action. This rarely described effect of the bufotoxin can be used as a basis for further research of toad venom and its pharmacological potential. Purpose. To present a case of a 67-year-old female patient who experienced a sudden decrease in vision after exposure to the poison from a common toad ( Bufo bufo).

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          Most cited references19

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          The ecological impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) in Australia.

          Although invasive species are viewed as major threats to ecosystems worldwide, few such species have been studied in enough detail to identify the pathways, magnitudes, and timescales of their impact on native fauna. One of the most intensively studied invasive taxa in this respect is the cane toad (Bufo marinus), which was introduced to Australia in 1935. A review of these studies suggests that a single pathway-lethal toxic ingestion of toads by frog-eating predators-is the major mechanism of impact, but that the magnitude of impact varies dramatically among predator taxa, as well as through space and time. Populations of large predators (e.g., varanid and scincid lizards, elapid snakes, freshwater crocodiles, and dasyurid marsupials) may be imperilled by toad invasion, but impacts vary spatially even within the same predator species. Some of the taxa severely impacted by toad invasion recover within a few decades, via aversion learning and longer-term adaptive changes. No native species have gone extinct as a result of toad invasion, and many native taxa widely imagined to be at risk are not affected, largely as a result of their physiological ability to tolerate toad toxins (e.g., as found in many birds and rodents), as well as the reluctance of many native anuran-eating predators to consume toads, either innately or as a learned response. Indirect effects of cane toads as mediated through trophic webs are likely as important as direct effects, but they are more difficult to study. Overall, some Australian native species (mostly large predators) have declined due to cane toads; others, especially species formerly consumed by those predators, have benefited. For yet others, effects have been minor or have been mediated indirectly rather than through direct interactions with the invasive toads. Factors that increase a predator's vulnerability to toad invasion include habitat overlap with toads, anurophagy, large body size, inability to develop rapid behavioral aversion to toads as prey items, and physiological vulnerability to bufotoxins as a result of a lack of coevolutionary history of exposure to other bufonid taxa.
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            Toad Glandular Secretions and Skin Extractions as Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Agents

            Toad glandular secretions and skin extractions contain many natural agents which may provide a unique resource for novel drug development. The dried secretion from the auricular and skin glands of Chinese toad (Bufo bufo gargarizans) is named Chansu, which has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating infection and inflammation for hundreds of years. The sterilized hot water extraction of dried toad skin is named Huachansu (Cinobufacini) which was developed for treating hepatitis B virus (HBV) and several types of cancers. However, the mechanisms of action of Chansu, Huachansu, and their constituents within are not well reported. Existing studies have suggested that their anti-inflammation and anticancer potential were via targeting Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB and its signalling pathways which are crucial hallmarks of inflammation and cancer in various experimental models. Here, we review some current studies of Chansu, Huachansu, and their compounds in terms of their use as both anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. We also explored the potential use of toad glandular secretions and skin extractions as alternate resources for treating human cancers in combinational therapies.
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              Ciliary Body and Ciliary Epithelium.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
                Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine
                Hindawi Limited
                2090-6722
                2090-6730
                January 17 2020
                January 17 2020
                : 2020
                : 1-3
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University Clinical Hospital Mostar, Department of Ophthalmology, Bosnia and Herzegovina
                [2 ]Faculty of Health Studies, University in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
                Article
                10.1155/2020/2983947
                cee8118f-1cd8-4f5c-870b-415e6ab5cd19
                © 2020

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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