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      Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data.

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      Physiological reviews

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          Abstract

          Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is mediated by neuronal reward prediction error signals which implement basic constructs of reinforcement learning theory. These signals are found in dopamine neurons, which emit a global reward signal to striatum and frontal cortex, and in specific neurons in striatum, amygdala, and frontal cortex projecting to select neuronal populations. The approach and choice functions involve subjective value, which is objectively assessed by behavioral choices eliciting internal, subjective reward preferences. Utility is the formal mathematical characterization of subjective value and a prime decision variable in economic choice theory. It is coded as utility prediction error by phasic dopamine responses. Utility can incorporate various influences, including risk, delay, effort, and social interaction. Appropriate for formal decision mechanisms, rewards are coded as object value, action value, difference value, and chosen value by specific neurons. Although all reward, reinforcement, and decision variables are theoretical constructs, their neuronal signals constitute measurable physical implementations and as such confirm the validity of these concepts. The neuronal reward signals provide guidance for behavior while constraining the free will to act.

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          Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex.

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            Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects

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              Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards.

              When humans are offered the choice between rewards available at different points in time, the relative values of the options are discounted according to their expected delays until delivery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the neural correlates of time discounting while subjects made a series of choices between monetary reward options that varied by delay to delivery. We demonstrate that two separate systems are involved in such decisions. Parts of the limbic system associated with the midbrain dopamine system, including paralimbic cortex, are preferentially activated by decisions involving immediately available rewards. In contrast, regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex are engaged uniformly by intertemporal choices irrespective of delay. Furthermore, the relative engagement of the two systems is directly associated with subjects' choices, with greater relative fronto-parietal activity when subjects choose longer term options.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Physiol. Rev.
                Physiological reviews
                1522-1210
                0031-9333
                Jul 2015
                : 95
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
                Article
                95/3/853
                10.1152/physrev.00023.2014
                4491543
                26109341
                33a73831-0572-4706-a4d5-792577ae8fac
                Copyright © 2015 the American Physiological Society.
                History

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