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      Human toxocariasis and atopy Translated title: Toxocarose humaine et atopie

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          Abstract

          To assess the possible influence of atopy on the clinical picture of human toxocariasis, a retrospective study was carried out using file records for patients who attended the Outpatient Clinic of Parasitology in Toulouse University Hospitals. A total of 106 file records for patients who had been diagnosed with common/covert toxocariasis were extracted from the database. Forty-nine patients (20 females and 29 males) were considered atopic since they exhibited a long (≥ 1 year) history of various allergic issues along with a titer ≥ 0.7 kIU/L for specific IgE against at least two out of nine mixes of common inhalant allergens. Fifty-seven patients (42 females and 15 males) were designated nonatopic on the basis of a negative result (<0.35 kIU/L) of the test for specific IgE. Demographic (age and sex), clinical (20 signs or symptoms) and laboratory (blood eosinophil count, eosinophil cationic protein, serum total IgE, and specific anti- Toxocara IgE) variables were investigated by bivariate analysis followed by multivariate regression analysis using “atopy” as the outcome variable. On the basis of our results, the clinical or laboratory picture of toxocaral disease was not affected by the presence of an atopic status.

          Translated abstract

          Pour évaluer la possible influence de l’atopie sur la présentation clinico-biologique de la toxocarose humaine, une étude rétrospective a été réalisée à partir des dossiers de patients vus à la Consultation du Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie du CHU de Toulouse. Cent-six dossiers de patients diagnostiqués comme ayant la forme commune de la toxocarose ont été extraits de la base de données. Quarante-neuf patients (20 femmes et 29 hommes) ont été considérés comme atopiques, eu égard à une longue (≥ 1 an) histoire de manifestations allergiques couplée à une recherche positive (≥ 0.7 kUI/L) des IgE spécifiques contre au moins deux parmi 9 mélanges de pneumallergènes communs. Cinquante-sept patients (42 femmes et 15 hommes) ont été classés non atopiques sur la base d’un résultat négatif (< 0.35 kUI/L) de la recherche d’IgE spécifiques. Les variables démographiques (âge et sexe), cliniques (20 signes ou symptômes) et biologiques (numération des éosinophiles sanguins, dosage des protéines cationiques des éosinophiles, des IgE totales et des IgE spécifiques anti- Toxocara) ont été l’objet d’une analyse statistique bivariée suivie par une régression logistique multivariée, en utilisant “atopie” comme variable à expliquer. Selon nos résultats, le tableau clinique et biologique de la toxocarose n’est pas modifié par la présence d’un état atopique.

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          Most cited references44

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          Asthma

          Asthma-one of the most common chronic, non-communicable diseases in children and adults-is characterised by variable respiratory symptoms and variable airflow limitation. Asthma is a consequence of complex gene-environment interactions, with heterogeneity in clinical presentation and the type and intensity of airway inflammation and remodelling. The goal of asthma treatment is to achieve good asthma control-ie, to minimise symptom burden and risk of exacerbations. Anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator treatments are the mainstay of asthma therapy and are used in a stepwise approach. Pharmacological treatment is based on a cycle of assessment and re-evaluation of symptom control, risk factors, comorbidities, side-effects, and patient satisfaction by means of shared decisions. Asthma is classed as severe when requiring high-intensity treatment to keep it under control, or if it remains uncontrolled despite treatment. New biological therapies for treatment of severe asthma, together with developments in biomarkers, present opportunities for phenotype-specific interventions and realisation of more personalised treatment. In this Seminar, we provide a clinically focused overview of asthma, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, asthma phenotypes, severe asthma, acute exacerbations, and clinical management of disease in adults and children older than 5 years. Emerging therapies, controversies, and uncertainties in asthma management are also discussed.
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            Human toxocariasis.

            Parasitic nematodes of the genus Toxocara are socioeconomically important zoonotic pathogens. These parasites are usually directly transmitted to the human host via the faecal-oral route and can cause toxocariasis and associated complications, including allergic and neurological disorders. Although tens of millions of people are estimated to be exposed to or infected with Toxocara spp, global epidemiological information on the relationship between seropositivity and toxocariasis is limited. Recent findings suggest that the effect of toxocariasis on human health is increasing in some countries. Here we review the salient background on Toxocara and biology, summarise key aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of toxocariasis, describe what is known about its geographic distribution and prevalence, and make some recommendations for future research towards the prevention and control of this important disease.
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              Eosinophils in Helminth Infection: Defenders and Dupes.

              Eosinophilia is a central feature of the host response to helminth infection. Larval stages of parasitic worms are killed in vitro by eosinophils in the presence of specific antibodies or complement. These findings established host defense as the paradigm for eosinophil function. Recently, studies in eosinophil-ablated mouse strains have revealed an expanded repertoire of immunoregulatory functions for this cell. Other reports document crucial roles for eosinophils in tissue homeostasis and metabolism, processes that are central to the establishment and maintenance of parasitic worms in their hosts. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the significance of eosinophils at the host-parasite interface, highlighting their distinct functions during primary and secondary exposure.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                parasite
                https://www.parasite-journal.org
                Parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1776-1042
                13 May 2020
                2020
                13 May 2020
                13 May 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 32
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Service de Parasitologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Toulouse, , 31000 Toulouse, France,
                [2 ] Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Université de Toulouse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, , TSA 40031-31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France,
                [3 ] PharmaDev, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, , 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France,
                [4 ] Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, , TSA 40031-31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France,
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-189X
                Article
                parasite200021
                10.1051/parasite/2020029
                6a27fcce-8438-4cf3-aa02-eabb22c4e00c
                © J.-F. Magnaval et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 February 2020
                : 23 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Parasite 27, 32 (2020)
                2020
                2020
                2020

                Parasitology,Life sciences
                Outcome,IgE,Human toxocariasis,Eosinophilia,Atopy,Clinical picture
                Parasitology, Life sciences
                Outcome, IgE, Human toxocariasis, Eosinophilia, Atopy, Clinical picture

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