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      Ruxolitinib in corticosteroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a multicenter survey.

      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 11 , 6 , 6 , 8 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 21 , 21 , 10 , 7 , 3 , 3 , 9 , 5 , 4 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1
      Leukemia

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          Abstract

          Despite major improvements in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation over the past decades, corticosteroid-refractory (SR) acute (a) and chronic (c) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) cause high mortality. Preclinical evidence indicates the potent anti-inflammatory properties of the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. In this retrospective survey, 19 stem cell transplant centers in Europe and the United States reported outcome data from 95 patients who had received ruxolitinib as salvage therapy for SR-GVHD. Patients were classified as having SR-aGVHD (n=54, all grades III or IV) or SR-cGVHD (n=41, all moderate or severe). The median number of previous GVHD-therapies was 3 for both SR-aGVHD (1-7) and SR-cGVHD (1-10). The overall response rate was 81.5% (44/54) in SR-aGVHD including 25 complete responses (46.3%), while for SR-cGVHD the ORR was 85.4% (35/41). Of those patients responding to ruxolitinib, the rate of GVHD-relapse was 6.8% (3/44) and 5.7% (2/35) for SR-aGVHD and SR-cGVHD, respectively. The 6-month-survival was 79% (67.3-90.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI)) and 97.4% (92.3-100%, 95% CI) for SR-aGVHD and SR-cGVHD, respectively. Cytopenia and cytomegalovirus-reactivation were observed during ruxolitinib treatment in both SR-aGVHD (30/54, 55.6% and 18/54, 33.3%) and SR-cGVHD (7/41, 17.1% and 6/41, 14.6%) patients. Ruxolitinib may constitute a promising new treatment option for SR-aGVHD and SR-cGVHD that should be validated in a prospective trial.

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          Estimation of failure probabilities in the presence of competing risks: new representations of old estimators.

          A topic that has received attention in both the statistical and medical literature is the estimation of the probability of failure for endpoints that are subject to competing risks. Despite this, it is not uncommon to see the complement of the Kaplan-Meier estimate used in this setting and interpreted as the probability of failure. If one desires an estimate that can be interpreted in this way, however, the cumulative incidence estimate is the appropriate tool to use in such situations. We believe the more commonly seen representations of the Kaplan-Meier estimate and the cumulative incidence estimate do not lend themselves to easy explanation and understanding of this interpretation. We present, therefore, a representation of each estimate in a manner not ordinarily seen, each representation utilizing the concept of censored observations being 'redistributed to the right.' We feel these allow a more intuitive understanding of each estimate and therefore an appreciation of why the Kaplan-Meier method is inappropriate for estimation purposes in the presence of competing risks, while the cumulative incidence estimate is appropriate.
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            Interleukin-2 and regulatory T cells in graft-versus-host disease.

            Dysfunction of regulatory T (Treg) cells has been detected in diverse inflammatory disorders, including chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Interleukin-2 is critical for Treg cell growth, survival, and activity. We hypothesized that low-dose interleukin-2 could preferentially enhance Treg cells in vivo and suppress clinical manifestations of chronic GVHD. In this observational cohort study, patients with chronic GVHD that was refractory to glucocorticoid therapy received daily low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 (0.3×10(6), 1×10(6), or 3×10(6) IU per square meter of body-surface area) for 8 weeks. The end points were safety and clinical and immunologic response. After a 4-week hiatus, patients with a response could receive interleukin-2 for an extended period. A total of 29 patients were enrolled. None had progression of chronic GVHD or relapse of a hematologic cancer. The maximum tolerated dose of interleukin-2 was 1×10(6) IU per square meter. The highest dose level induced unacceptable constitutional symptoms. Of the 23 patients who could be evaluated for response, 12 had major responses involving multiple sites. The numbers of CD4+ Treg cells were preferentially increased in all patients, with a peak median value, at 4 weeks, that was more than eight times the baseline value (P<0.001), without affecting CD4+ conventional T (Tcon) cells. The Treg:Tcon ratio increased to a median of more than five times the baseline value (P<0.001). The Treg cell count and Treg:Tcon ratio remained elevated at 8 weeks (P<0.001 for both comparisons with baseline values), then declined when the patients were not receiving interleukin-2. The increased numbers of Treg cells expressed the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and could inhibit autologous Tcon cells. Immunologic and clinical responses were sustained in patients who received interleukin-2 for an extended period, permitting the glucocorticoid dose to be tapered by a mean of 60% (range, 25 to 100). Daily low-dose interleukin-2 was safely administered in patients with active chronic GVHD that was refractory to glucocorticoid therapy. Administration was associated with preferential, sustained Treg cell expansion in vivo and amelioration of the manifestations of chronic GVHD in a substantial proportion of patients. (Funded by a Dana-Farber Dunkin' Donuts Rising Star award and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00529035.).
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              Tofacitinib in combination with nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial.

              Many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) do not achieve adequate and safe responses with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Tofacitinib is a novel, oral, Janus kinase inhibitor that treats RA. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in combination with nonbiologic DMARDs. 1-year, double-blind, randomized trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00856544). 114 centers in 19 countries. 792 patients with active RA despite nonbiologic DMARD therapy. Patients were randomly assigned 4:4:1:1 to oral tofacitinib, 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily, or placebo advanced to tofacitinib, 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. Primary end points were 20% improvement in American College of Rheumatology (ACR20) criteria; Disease Activity Score for 28-joint counts based on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-4[ESR]) of less than 2.6; DAS28-4(ESR)-defined remission, change in Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI) score, and safety assessments. Mean treatment differences for ACR20 response rates (month 6) for the 5-mg and 10-mg tofacitinib groups compared with the combined placebo groups were 21.2% (95% CI, 12.2% to 30.3%; P < 0.001) and 25.8% (CI, 16.8% to 34.8%; P < 0.001), respectively. The HAQ-DI scores (month 3) and DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6 response rates (month 6) were also superior in the tofacitinib groups versus placebo. The incidence rates of serious adverse events for patients receiving 5-mg tofacitinib, 10-mg tofacitinib, or placebo were 6.9, 7.3, or 10.9 events per 100 patient-years of exposure, respectively. In the tofacitinib groups, 2 cases of tuberculosis, 2 cases of other opportunistic infections, 3 cardiovascular events, and 4 deaths occurred. Neutrophil counts decreased, hemoglobin and low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased, and serum creatinine levels had small increases in the tofacitinib groups. Placebo groups were smaller and of shorter duration. Patients received primarily methotrexate. The ability to assess drug combinations other than tofacitinib plus methotrexate was limited. Tofacitinib improved disease control in patients with active RA despite treatment with nonbiologic DMARDs, primarily methotrexate. Pfizer.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Leukemia
                Leukemia
                1476-5551
                0887-6924
                Oct 2015
                : 29
                : 10
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
                [2 ] Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, and University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
                [3 ] Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
                [4 ] III Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
                [5 ] Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
                [6 ] Department of Hematology and Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
                [7 ] Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
                [8 ] Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
                [9 ] Hematology Stem cell transplant Unit, Saint Louis Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.
                [10 ] Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
                [11 ] Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
                [12 ] Medical Clinic III, Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.
                [13 ] Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
                [14 ] Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA.
                [15 ] Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
                [16 ] Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Patras University Medical School, Patras, Greece.
                [17 ] Department of Pathology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
                [18 ] Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
                [19 ] Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
                [20 ] Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
                [21 ] Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
                [22 ] Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Hematology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
                Article
                leu2015212 NIHMS781991
                10.1038/leu.2015.212
                26228813
                68f9ab15-fc6b-4ced-b3a7-79f50d125dfa
                History

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