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      Finding the engram.

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          Abstract

          Many attempts have been made to localize the physical trace of a memory, or engram, in the brain. However, until recently, engrams have remained largely elusive. In this Review, we develop four defining criteria that enable us to critically assess the recent progress that has been made towards finding the engram. Recent 'capture' studies use novel approaches to tag populations of neurons that are active during memory encoding, thereby allowing these engram-associated neurons to be manipulated at later times. We propose that findings from these capture studies represent considerable progress in allowing us to observe, erase and express the engram.

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          Most cited references114

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          Episodic memory: from mind to brain.

          Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences. The notion of episodic memory was first proposed some 30 years ago. At that time it was defined in terms of materials and tasks. It was subsequently refined and elaborated in terms of ideas such as self, subjective time, and autonoetic consciousness. This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and then discusses supporting evidence provided by (a) neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and (b) functional neuroimaging studies of patterns of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks. I also suggest that episodic memory is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.
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            Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions

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              Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nat. Rev. Neurosci.
                Nature reviews. Neuroscience
                1471-0048
                1471-003X
                Sep 2015
                : 16
                : 9
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Program in Neurosciences &Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
                [2 ] Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3GM, Canada.
                [3 ] Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
                [4 ] Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
                [5 ] Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, Natural Sciences Centre, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
                [6 ] Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada.
                Article
                nrn4000
                10.1038/nrn4000
                26289572
                a18ba07d-b6c6-429c-8101-b73c03068d6e
                History

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