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      High Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Relation to Social Factors in Affected Population One Year after the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster.

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          Abstract

          This study investigated post-traumatic stress symptoms in relation to the population affected by the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, one year after the disaster. Additionally, we investigated social factors, such as forced displacement, which we hypothesize contributed to the high prevalence of post-traumatic stress. Finally, we report of written narratives that were collected from the impacted population.

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          Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events.

          Nozomu Asukai, Hiroshi Kato, Noriyuki Kawamura … (2002)
          The authors developed the Japanese-language version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J) and investigated its reliability and validity in four different groups: workers with lifetime mixed traumatic events, survivors of an arsenic poisoning case, survivors of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, and survivors of the Tokyo Metro sarin attack. Evidence includes retest reliability and internal consistency of the IES-R-J. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and partial PTSD cases indicated significantly higher scores than non-PTSD cases. The IES-R-J can be a useful self-rating diagnostic instrument particularly for survivors with PTSD symptoms as a clinical concern (PTSD + partial PTSD) by using a 24/25 cutoff in total score. In analysis of scale structure, the majority of intrusion and hyperarousal items were subsumed under the same cluster, whereas avoidance items made up a separate cluster. Female patients indicated higher scores than male patients. A negative weak correlation between age and the score was found only among female earthquake survivors. The IES-R-J can be used as a validated instrument in future international comparative research.
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            Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised.

            Mark Creamer, Mark Creamer, Salvina Failla (2003)
            This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale -- Revised (IES-R) in two samples of male Vietnam veterans: a treatment-seeking sample with a confirmed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis (N = 120) and a community sample with varying levels of traumatic stress symptomatolgy (N = 154). The scale showed high internal consistency (alpha = 0.96). Confirmatory factor analysis did not provide support for a three-factor solution corresponding to the three subscales of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. Exploratory factor analysis suggested that either a single, or a two-factor solution (intrusion/hyperarousal and avoidance), provide the best account of date. However, correlations among the subscales were higher in the community sample than in the treatment sample, suggesting that the IES-R may be sensitive to a more general construct of traumatic stress in those with lower symptom levels. The correlation between the IES-R and the PTSD Checklist was high (0.84) and a cutoff of 1.5 (equivalent to a total score of 33) was found to provide the best diagnostic accuracy.
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              Mental health in complex emergencies

              RF Mollica, B Lopes Cardozo, HJ Osofsky … (2004)
              Mental health is becoming a central issue for public health complex emergencies. In this review we present a culturally valid mental health action plan based on scientific evidence that is capable of addressing the mental health effects of complex emergencies. A mental health system of primary care providers, traditional healers, and relief workers, if properly trained and supported, can provide cost-effective, good mental health care. This plan emphasises the need for standardised approaches to the assessment, monitoring, and outcome of all related activities. Crucial to the improvement of outcomes during crises and the availability to future emergencies of lessons learned from earlier crises is the regular dissemination of the results achieved with the action plan. A research agenda is included that should, in time, fill knowledge gaps and reduce the negative mental health effects of complex emergencies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Title: PloS one
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                ISSN (Print): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, Japan.
                [2 ] Waseda Institute of Medical Anthropology on Disaster Reconstruction, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
                [3 ] Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
                [4 ] Department of Social Welfare, The International University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan.
                [5 ] Idente Foundation for Studies and Research, Rome, Italy.
                [6 ] Shinsai Shien Network Saitama, Saitama Sogo Law Firm, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan.
                [7 ] Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: PONE-D-15-42997
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151807
                PMC ID: 4803346
                PubMed ID: 27002324
                SO-VID: d58dd927-7003-44c2-8d52-ee22d09baea3
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