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      Impact of a Multichannel Blocker in Attenuating Intramyocardial Artery Remodeling in Hypertensive Rats through Increased Nitric Oxide Bioavailability

      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 4
      Publication date Created:
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: BioMed Research International
      Publisher: Hindawi Limited

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          Abstract

          Dronedarone is recommended for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. However, we do not know its effect on vascular remodeling. This study was designed to assess whether dronedarone has the potential to improve the intramyocardial artery remodeling induced by chronic hypertension. Ten-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly assigned to receive dronedarone (100 mg/kg) or vehicle. Age-matched male Wistar-Kyoto rats served as controls. After 14 days of treatment, we studied the structure (geometry and fibrosis) of the intramyocardial artery using histological analysis. Nitric oxide (NO) in plasma was analyzed. In the untreated SHR, we observed a significant increase in external diameter, lumen diameter, wall width, cross-sectional area, and collagen volume density, as was expected in the experimental model. Dronedarone induced a significant decrease in wall width, cross-sectional area, and collagen volume density in SHR-D in comparison with untreated SHR. The values obtained in SHR-D were similar in the WKY control group. We found significantly higher NO levels in plasma in SHR-D than in untreated SHR. Dronedarone improves the intramyocardial artery remodeling induced by chronic hypertension in SHR through increased nitric oxide bioavailability.

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          Some new, simple and efficient stereological methods and their use in pathological research and diagnosis.

          H J Gundersen, T Bendtsen, L Korbo … (1988)
          Stereology is a set of simple and efficient methods for quantitation of three-dimensional microscopic structures which is specifically tuned to provide reliable data from sections. Within the last few years, a number of new methods has been developed which are of special interest to pathologists. Methods for estimating the volume, surface area and length of any structure are described in this review. The principles on which stereology is based and the necessary sampling procedures are described and illustrated with examples. The necessary equipment, the measurements, and the calculations are invariably simple and easy.
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            Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation.

            Stefan H. Hohnloser, Harry J. G. M. Crijns, Martin van Eickels … (2009)
            Dronedarone is a new antiarrhythmic drug that is being developed for the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation. We conducted a multicenter trial to evaluate the use of dronedarone in 4628 patients with atrial fibrillation who had additional risk factors for death. Patients were randomly assigned to receive dronedarone, 400 mg twice a day, or placebo. The primary outcome was the first hospitalization due to cardiovascular events or death. Secondary outcomes were death from any cause, death from cardiovascular causes, and hospitalization due to cardiovascular events. The mean follow-up period was 21+/-5 months, with the study drug discontinued prematurely in 696 of the 2301 patients (30.2%) receiving dronedarone and in 716 of the 2327 patients (30.8%) receiving placebo, mostly because of adverse events. The primary outcome occurred in 734 patients (31.9%) in the dronedarone group and in 917 patients (39.4%) in the placebo group, with a hazard ratio for dronedarone of 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.84; P<0.001). There were 116 deaths (5.0%) in the dronedarone group and 139 (6.0%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.08; P=0.18). There were 63 deaths from cardiovascular causes (2.7%) in the dronedarone group and 90 (3.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.98; P=0.03), largely due to a reduction in the rate of death from arrhythmia with dronedarone. The dronedarone group had higher rates of bradycardia, QT-interval prolongation, nausea, diarrhea, rash, and an increased serum creatinine level than the placebo group. Rates of thyroid- and pulmonary-related adverse events were not significantly different between the two groups. Dronedarone reduced the incidence of hospitalization due to cardiovascular events or death in patients with atrial fibrillation. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00174785.) 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Vascular remodeling in hypertension: roles of apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.

              H D Intengan, E Schiffrin (2001)
              Remodeling of large and small arteries contributes to the development and complications of hypertension. The focus of this review is some of the mechanisms involved in the remodeling of small arteries in hypertension. In hypertension, changes in small artery structure are basically of 2 kinds: (1) inward eutrophic remodeling, in which outer and lumen diameters are decreased, media/lumen ratio is increased, and cross-sectional area of the media is unaltered; and (2) hypertrophic remodeling, in which the media thickens to encroach on the lumen, resulting in increased media cross-sectional area and media/lumen ratio. Growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis contribute to vascular remodeling in hypertension. Apoptosis is gene-regulated cell death, with minimal membrane disruption and inflammation, that counters cell proliferation and fine-tunes developmental growth. Apoptosis has been reported in hypertension to be both increased and decreased in different tissues, including blood vessels. Inflammation, which may be low grade, probably plays an important role in triggering fibrosis in cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Vascular fibrosis entails accumulation of collagen, fibronectin, and other extracellular matrix components in the vessel wall and is an important aspect of extracellular matrix remodeling in hypertension. Associated with this, there may be increases in cell-matrix attachment sites (integrins) and changes in their topographical localization that may modulate arterial structure. Imbalance in matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases may contribute to alteration in collagen turnover and extracellular matrix remodeling. Chronic vasoconstriction may lead to embedding of the contracted vessel structure in a remodeled extracellular matrix, contributing to the inward remodeling of the blood vessel as smooth muscle cells are rearranged around a smaller lumen. The resulting remodeling of small arteries may initially be adaptive, but eventually it becomes maladaptive and compromises organ function, contributing to cardiovascular complications of hypertension.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Abbreviated Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Limited
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date Created: July 02 2019
                Publication date (Print): July 02 2019
                Volume: 2019
                Pages: 1-6
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Intensive Care, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
                [2 ]Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
                [3 ]Department of Biomedicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
                [4 ]Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Health Research Institute of Hospital Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2019/6374582
                SO-VID: d8725684-b608-46d4-9b5b-01a6382b0ffe
                Copyright © © 2019
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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