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      Performance of seven commercial automated assays for the detection of low levels of anti- Toxoplasma IgG in French immunocompromised patients Translated title: Performance de sept tests automatisés du commerce pour la détection de faibles taux d’IgG anti- Toxoplasma chez des patients immunodéprimés français

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          Abstract

          Background: Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for the development of severe toxoplasmosis from tissue cyst reactivation, the most frequently, or from recently acquired acute infections. Knowledge of serologic status is therefore crucial. Screening for toxoplasmosis is sometimes performed while patients are already immunocompromised and have a low or even undetectable IgG titer by routine automated enzyme immunoassays. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of seven reagents for the detection of low levels of IgG. Sera from 354 patients were collected and analysed. Results: Elecsys ® offered the best analytic performances, superior to those of Architect ® and Platelia ®, which were superior to those of Access II ® and TGS TA ®. Vidas II ® and Liaison II ® reagents exhibited poor analytical performances in this cohort. For Elecsys ®, Platelia ® and Architect ®, new thresholds for the grey zone and positive zone have been defined to improve the sensitivity of these reagents while maintaining excellent specificity. Conclusions: Commercialized assays for toxoplasmosis screening are not suitable for IgG low-level detection in patients without adapting the supplier thresholds to avoid false negative results and risk generalized toxoplasmosis.

          Translated abstract

          Contexte : Les patients immunodéprimés courent un risque élevé de développer une toxoplasmose grave résultant de la réactivation de kystes tissulaires, le plus souvent, ou d’infections aiguës récemment contractées. La connaissance du statut sérologique est donc cruciale. Le dépistage de la toxoplasmose est parfois effectué chez des patients déjà immunodéprimés et dont le titre en IgG est faible, voire indétectable, par les immunoessais enzymatiques automatisés de routine. Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer la sensibilité et la spécificité de sept réactifs pour la détection de faibles taux d’IgG. Les sérums de 354 patients ont été recueillis et analysés. Résultats : Elecsys ® offre les meilleures performances analytiques, supérieures à celles d’Architect ® et de Platelia ®, supérieures à celles d’Access II ® et de TGS TA ®. Les réactifs Vidas II ® et Liaison II ® ont présenté des performances analytiques médiocres dans cette cohorte. Pour Elecsys ®, Platelia® et Architect ®, de nouveaux seuils pour la zone grise et la zone positive ont été définis pour améliorer la sensibilité de ces réactifs tout en maintenant une excellente spécificité. Conclusions : Les tests commercialisés pour le dépistage de la toxoplasmose ne conviennent pas à la détection de faibles taux d’IgG chez les patients sans adaptation des seuils des fournisseurs pour éviter les résultats faux négatifs et le risque de toxoplasmose généralisée.

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          Toxoplasmosis: A history of clinical observations.

          It has been 100 years since Toxoplasma gondii was initially described in Tunis by Nicolle and Manceaux (1908) in the tissues of the gundi (Ctenodoactylus gundi) and in Brazil by Splendore (1908) in the tissues of a rabbit. Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous, Apicomplexan parasite of warm-blooded animals that can cause several clinical syndromes including encephalitis, chorioretinitis, congenital infection and neonatal mortality. Fifteen years after the description of T. gondii by Nicolle and Manceaux a fatal case of toxoplasmosis in a child was reported by Janků. In 1939 Wolf, Cowen and Paige were the first to conclusively identify T. gondii as a cause of human disease. This review examines the clinical manifestations of infection with T. gondii and the history of the discovery of these manifestations.
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            Incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in women in France, 1980-2020: model-based estimation.

            Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis due to Toxoplasma gondii, a ubiquitous protozoan parasite of warm-blooded animals including humans. In pregnant women, primary infection can cause congenital toxoplasmosis resulting in severe malformations in the newborn. Since 1978, public health authorities in France have implemented a congenital toxoplasmosis prevention programme, including monthly serological screening of all seronegative pregnant women, and treatment in case of seroconversion. However, this programme does not produce systematic surveillance data on incidence and prevalence. Our objective was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of T. gondii infection, and the incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in women in France. We used a catalytic model to estimate incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection between 1980 and 2020 in women of childbearing age. We used age- and time-specific seroprevalence data obtained from the National Perinatal Surveys (NPS) conducted in 1995, 2003 and 2010. We assumed that incidence depends both on age and calendar time, and can be expressed as the product of two unknown functions. We also estimated incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in 2010 from the NPS and the National Surveillance of Congenital Toxoplasmosis (ToxoSurv). We combined data of 42208 women aged 15-45 years with serology available from the three NPS. For women aged 30 years the modelled incidence decreased from 7·5/1000 susceptible women in 1980 to 3·5/1000 in 2000. In 2010 the incidence was 2·4/1000. The predicted incidence and prevalence for 2020 was 1·6/1000 and 27%, respectively. The incidence of seroconversion during pregnancy in 2010 was estimated at 2·1/1000 susceptible pregnant women (95% CI 1·3-3·1) from the NPS and 1·9 (95% CI 1·8-2·1) from ToxoSurv. Incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection has decreased markedly during the last 30 years. This decrease may be explained by a lower exposure to the parasite by changes in food habits and by improved hygiene practices in meat production. Modelled estimations were consistent with estimates observed in other studies conducted previously in France. The catalytic modelling provides reliable estimates of incidence and prevalence of Toxoplasma infection over time. This approach might be useful for evaluating preventive programme for toxoplasmosis.
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              Serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and standardization.

              Humans can be infected by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic disease. Although the infection is generally asymptomatic for most adults, severe complications may occur in some individuals, especially women in early pregnancy. Serologic diagnosis is used as a routine practice to determine the immune status for infection by T. gondii. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, including diagnostic strategy, current problems in detection with specific antibodies, and the standardization of T. gondii serological detection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                parasite
                https://www.parasite-journal.org
                Parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1776-1042
                23 August 2019
                2019
                23 August 2019
                23 August 2019
                : 26
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2019/01 )
                : 51
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Service de Parasitologie – Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse-Purpan, , 330 avenue de Grande Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse, France,
                [2 ] Laboratoire d’analyse biomédicale, Centre Hospitalier Comminges Pyrénées, , Avenue de Saint Plancard, 31806 Saint Gaudens, France,
                [3 ] Pharmacochimie et Biologie Pour le Développement (PHARMA-DEV), IRD UMR 152 Université Paul Sabatier, , 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31400 Toulouse, France,
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: fillaux.j@ 123456chu-toulouse.fr
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5277-189X
                Article
                parasite190045
                10.1051/parasite/2019052
                a67ede09-7f4c-43cf-978f-922c773671e7
                © T. Douet et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 April 2019
                : 02 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                national-agreement-fr_2019
                yes
                Parasite 26, 51 (2019)
                2019
                2019
                2019

                Parasitology,Life sciences
                Automated tests,Toxoplasma gondii,IgG low level,Immunodiagnosis
                Parasitology, Life sciences
                Automated tests, Toxoplasma gondii, IgG low level, Immunodiagnosis

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