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      In vitro antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of the compound K-rich fraction BIOGF1K, prepared from Panax ginseng.

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          Abstract

          BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies.

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          Most cited references51

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          Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus.

          The innate immune system contributes to the earliest phase of the host defense against foreign organisms and has both soluble and cellular pattern recognition receptors for microbial products. Two important members of this receptor group, CD14 and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pattern recognition receptors, are essential for the innate immune response to components of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, spirochetes and yeast. We now find that these receptors function in an antiviral response as well. The innate immune response to the fusion protein of an important respiratory pathogen of humans, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), was mediated by TLR4 and CD14. RSV persisted longer in the lungs of infected TLR4-deficient mice compared to normal mice. Thus, a common receptor activation pathway can initiate innate immune responses to both bacterial and viral pathogens.
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            Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases.

            To describe the importance of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase working together in human cells against toxic reactive oxygen species, their relationship with several pathophysiologic processes and their possible therapeutic implications. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the cell growth, differentiation, progression, and death. Low concentrations of ROS may be beneficial or even indispensable in processes such as intracellular signaling and defense against micro-organisms. Nevertheless, higher amounts of ROS play a role in the aging process as well as in a number of human disease states, including cancer, ischemia, and failures in immunity and endocrine functions. As a safeguard against the accumulation of ROS, several nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities exist. Therefore, when oxidative stress arises as a consequence of a pathologic event, a defense system promotes the regulation and expression of these enzymes.
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              The characterization of antioxidants.

              The role of antioxidants in nutrition is an area of increasing interest. Antioxidants are used (1) to prolong the shelf life and maintain the nutritional quality of lipid-containing foods, and (2) to modulate the consequences of oxidative damage in the human body. This review discusses what an antioxidant is and how the properties of antioxidants may be characterized.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Ginseng Res
                Journal of ginseng research
                Elsevier BV
                1226-8453
                1226-8453
                Jan 2017
                : 41
                : 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.
                [2 ] Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Korea.
                [3 ] Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.
                [4 ] Bio-inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
                Article
                S1226-8453(15)00133-5
                10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.009
                5223069
                28123321
                482f2ee0-0e04-4ad2-bd53-cd07a21ad928
                History

                BIOGF1K,Panax ginseng,anti-inflammatory activity,antioxidative activity,compound K

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