Osmotic adjustment and energy limitations to plant growth in saline soil.

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Abstract

Plant roots must exclude almost all of the Na+ and Cl- in saline soil while taking up water, otherwise these ions would build up to high concentrations in leaves. Plants evaporate c. 50 times more water than they retain, so 98% exclusion would result in shoot NaCl concentrations equal to that of the external medium. Taking up just 2% of the NaCl allows a plant to osmotically adjust the Na+ and Cl- in vacuoles, while organic solutes provide the balancing osmotic pressure in the cytoplasm. We quantify the costs of this exclusion by roots, the regulation of Na+ and Cl- transport through the plant, and the costs of osmotic adjustment with organic solutes in roots.

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Salinity tolerance of crops - what is the cost?

Rana Munns, Matthew Gilliham (2015)

Soil salinity reduces crop yield. The extent and severity of salt-affected agricultural land is predicted to worsen as a result of inadequate drainage of irrigated land, rising water tables and global warming. The growth and yield of most plant species are adversely affected by soil salinity, but varied adaptations can allow some crop cultivars to continue to grow and produce a harvestable yield under moderate soil salinity. Significant costs are associated with saline soils: the economic costs to the farming community and the energy costs of plant adaptations. We briefly consider mechanisms of adaptation and highlight recent research examples through a lens of their applicability to improving the energy efficiency of crops under saline field conditions.

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Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from the Leaf Apoplast Carry Stress-Response Proteins.

Brian D Rutter, Roger Innes (2017)

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a central role in intercellular signaling in mammals by transporting proteins and small RNAs. Plants are also known to produce EVs, particularly in response to pathogen infection. The contents of plant EVs have not been analyzed, however, and their function is unknown. Here, we describe a method for purifying EVs from the apoplastic fluids of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Proteomic analyses of these EVs revealed that they are highly enriched in proteins involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Consistent with this finding, EV secretion was enhanced in plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae and in response to treatment with salicylic acid. These findings suggest that EVs may represent an important component of plant immune responses.

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Mechanisms of Cl(-) transport contributing to salt tolerance.

Stephen Tyerman, Natasha L Teakle (2010)

Mechanisms of Cl(-) transport in plants are poorly understood, despite the importance of minimizing Cl(-) toxicity for salt tolerance. This review summarizes Cl(-) transport processes in plants that contribute to genotypic differences in salt tolerance, identifying key traits from the cellular to whole-plant level. Key aspects of Cl(-) transport that contribute to salt tolerance in some species include reduced net xylem loading, intracellular compartmentation and greater efflux of Cl(-) from roots. We also provide an update on the biophysics of anion transport in plant cells and address issues of charge balance, selectivity and energy expenditure relevant to Cl(-) transport mechanisms. Examples are given of anion transport systems where electrophysiology has revealed possible interactions with salinity. Finally, candidate genes for anion transporters are identified that may be contributing to Cl(-) movement within plants during salinity. This review integrates current knowledge of Cl(-) transport mechanisms to identify future pathways for improving salt tolerance.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): New Phytol.

Title: The New phytologist

Publisher: Wiley

ISSN (Electronic): 1469-8137

ISSN (Print): 0028-646X

Publication date (Electronic): February 2020

Volume: 225

Issue: 3

Affiliations

[1 ] ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.

[2 ] CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.

[3 ] ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub on Legumes for Sustainable Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.

[4 ] ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.

[5 ] Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia.