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Galvanically induced potentials to enable minimal tribochemical wear of stainless steel lubricated with sodium chloride and ionic liquid aqueous solution
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Abstract
The effect of galvanically induced potentials on the friction and wear behavior of a 1RK91 stainless steel regarding to tribocorrosion was investigated using an oscillating ball-on-disk tribometer equipped with an electrochemical cell. The aim of this investigation is to develop a water-based lubricant. Therefore 1 molar sodium chloride (NaCl) and 1% 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C 2mim][Cl] water solutions were used. Tribological performance at two galvanically induced potentials was compared with the non-polarized state: cathodic potential-coupling with pure aluminum- and anodic potential-coupling with pure copper. Frictional and electrochemical response was recorded during the tests. In addition, wear morphology and chemical composition of the steel were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively.
The galvanically induced cathodic polarization of the stainless steel surface results in electrochemical corrosion protection and the formation of a tribolayer. Cations from the electrolyte (sodium Na + and 1-ethyl- 3-methylimidazolium [C 2mim] +) interact and adhere on the surface. These chemical interactions lead to considerably reduced wear using 1 NaCl (86%) and 1% 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C 2mim][Cl] (74%) compared to the nonpolarized system. In addition, mechanical and corrosive part of wear was identified using this electrochemical technique. Therefore this method describes a promising method to develop water-based lubricants for technical applications.
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Author notes
Tobias AMANN. He received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry from University of Freiburg, Germany, in 2013. Since then, he is postdoctoral researcher in the Tribology Department of Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, where his current position is deputy group manager. His main research fields are lubricants (liquid crystals, ionic liquids), electrotribology, and tribocorrosion.
Felix GATTI. He received his bachelor and master degrees in chemistry in 2017 from University of Freiburg, Germany. Currently he is a Ph.D. student in the Tribology Department of Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM. His research interests include graphene, ionic liquids, and tribocorrosion.
Natalie OBERLE. She received her bachelor degree in mechanical engineering in 2016 from Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany. Currently she is working on her master thesis in the Tribology Department of Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM. Her research focuses on the tribological behavior of ionic liquids and hydrogen embrittlement.
Andreas KAILER. He received his doctoral degree in applied mineralogy at University Tübingen, Germany in 1999 and then joined the Tribology Department of Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials, where his current position is group manager. His main research fields are tribology of ceramic materials, high temperature tribology, and tribocorrosion.
Jürgen RÜHE. He studied chemistry at the universities of Münster and Mainz. In 1989 he received his Ph.D. degree from the Johannes- Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany. Since 1999 he has a full professor position as the chair for chemistry and physics of interfaces at the Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) at the University of Freiburg. His main research fields are surfaces, polymer chemistry, and polymer physics.
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2223-7690-06-02-230© The author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Electronic Supplementary Material: Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40544-017-0198-y.
The surface characteristics and material compositions of the used materials are described in Figs. S1–S3 and Tables S1–S3. The corresponding wear values of Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6 are listed in Tables S4 and S5. The wear patterns using laser scanning microscope are illustrated in Figs. S4 and S5. The resulting surface roughness on wear scar is shown in Fig. S6. The Raman spectra are given in Fig. S7. The complete profiles of XPS analysis of all detected elements on 1RK91 before and after tribological test are shown in Figs. S8 and S9.
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