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      Call for Papers: Green Renal Replacement Therapy: Caring for the Environment

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      Effects of captopril on cardiac and renal damage, and metabolic alterations in the nitric oxide-deficient hypertensive rat.

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          Abstract

          Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is characterized by increased blood pressure accompanied with both cardiac hypertrophy as well as renal damage. We investigated whether the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril can inhibit the cardiac hypertrophy and reverse the renal failure. We tested the influence of captopril on the nitrate-nitrite (NO(x)) in plasma and heart and kidney tissues. Oxidative stress, in terms of glutathione and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances measured as malondialdehyde, was monitored examining their involvement in the cardioprotective and renoproptective actions. Three groups of Wistar rats were used: untreated group, and rats treated with the NO synthase inhibitor N(w)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and L-NAME plus captopril (10 mg/kg/day). Systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (BPs, BPd and BPm respectively) was measured weekly in addition to the heart rate using rat-tail plethysmography. After 3 weeks, L-NAME significantly increased BPs, BPd and BPm. Captopril treatment reversed the increments in pressure back to normal values by the fourth week. ACE inhibition by captopril reverted the L-NAME-induced hypertrophy and inhibited the enzymatic indices of cardiac damage (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase) back to normal values. Furthermore, the NO synthesis inhibition produced renal damage as indicated by significant increase in creatinine. Captopril ameliorated the raised creatinine to normal. Chronic L-NAME treatment increased serum NO(x) levels but concomitant treatment with captopril was without effect.

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          Chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in the rat produces systemic hypertension and glomerular damage.

          Tonic basal release of nitric oxide (NO) by vascular endothelial cells controls blood pressure (BP) in the basal state. In these studies we investigated the effects of chronic inhibition of basal NO synthesis in the rat for a 2-mo period. Significant systemic hypertension developed in chronically NO-blocked rats compared to controls. Marked renal vasoconstriction was also observed with elevations in glomerular blood pressure (PGC) and reductions in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf). Chronically NO-blocked rats also develop proteinuria and glomerular sclerotic injury compared to controls. These studies therefore describe a new model of systemic hypertension with glomerular capillary hypertension and renal disease due to chronic blockade of endogenous NO synthesis. These observations highlight the importance of the endogenous NO system in control of normal vascular tone and suggest that hypertensive states may result from relative NO deficiency.
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            Overexpression of angiotensin II type I receptor in cardiomyocytes induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling.

            Angiotensin II (AII) is a major determinant of arterial pressure and volume homeostasis, mainly because of its vascular action via the AII type 1 receptor (AT1R). AII has also been implicated in the development of cardiac hypertrophy because angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors and AT1R antagonists prevent or regress ventricular hypertrophy in animal models and in human. However, because these treatments impede the action of AII at cardiac as well as vascular levels, and reduce blood pressure, it has been difficult to determine whether AII action on the heart is direct or a consequence of pressure-overload. To determine whether AII can induce cardiac hypertrophy directly via myocardial AT1R in the absence of vascular changes, transgenic mice overexpressing the human AT1R under the control of the mouse alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter were generated. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of AT1R induced, in basal conditions, morphologic changes of myocytes and nonmyocytes that mimic those observed during the development of cardiac hypertrophy in human and in other mammals. These mice displayed significant cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling with increased expression of ventricular atrial natriuretic factor and interstitial collagen deposition and died prematurely of heart failure. Neither the systolic blood pressure nor the heart rate were changed. The data demonstrate a direct myocardial role for AII in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and failure and provide a useful model to elucidate the mechanisms of action of AII in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases.
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              A continuous spectrophotometric assay for angiotensin converting enzyme.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Kidney Blood Press. Res.
                Kidney & blood pressure research
                S. Karger AG
                1420-4096
                1420-4096
                2005
                : 28
                : 4
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. mahkhattab@yahoo.com
                Article
                88829
                10.1159/000088829
                16220007
                01e3b039-da5e-4a85-99fd-9456c42db8c5
                History

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