What you need to know
Participation in quality improvement can help clinicians and trainees improve care
together and develop important professional skills
Effective quality improvement relies on collaborative working with colleagues and
patients and the use of a structured method
Enthusiasm, perseverance, good project management skills, and a willingness to explain
your project to others and seek their support are key skills
Quality improvement (box 1) is a core component of many undergraduate and postgraduate
curriculums.1
2
3
4
5 Numerous healthcare organisations,6 professional regulators,7 and policy makers8
recognise the benefits of training clinicians in quality improvement.
Box 1
Defining quality improvement1
Quality improvement aims to make a difference to patients by improving safety, effectiveness,
and experience of care by:
Using understanding of our complex healthcare environment
Applying a systematic approach
Designing, testing, and implementing changes using real time measurement for improvement
Engaging in quality improvement enables clinicians to acquire, assimilate, and apply
important professional capabilities7 such as managing complexity and training in human
factors.1 For clinical trainees, it is a chance to improve care9; develop leadership,
presentation, and time management skills to help their career development10; and build
relationships with colleagues in organisations that they have recently joined.11 For
more experienced clinicians, it is an opportunity to address longstanding concerns
about the way in which care processes and systems are delivered, and to strengthen
their leadership for improvement skills.12
The benefits to patients, clinicians, and healthcare providers of engaging in quality
improvement are considerable, but there are many challenges involved in designing,
delivering, and sustaining an improvement intervention. These range from persuading
colleagues that there is a problem that needs to be tackled, through to keeping them
engaged once the intervention is up and running as other clinical priorities compete
for their attention.13 You are also likely to have competing priorities and will need
support to make time for quality improvement. The organisational culture, such as
the extent to which clinicians are able to question existing practice and try new
ideas,14
15
16 also has an important bearing on the success of the intervention.
This article describes the skills, knowledge, and support needed to get started in
quality improvement and deliver effective interventions.
What skills do you need?
Enthusiasm, optimism, curiosity, and perseverance are critical in getting started
and then in helping you to deal with the challenges you will inevitably face on your
improvement journey.
Relational skills are also vital. At its best quality improvement is a team activity.
The ability to collaborate with different people, including patients, is vital for
a project to be successful.17
18 You need to be willing to reach out to groups of people that you may not have worked
with before, and to value their ideas.19 No one person has the skills or knowledge
to come up with the solution to a problem on their own.
Learning how systems work and how to manage complexity is another core skill.20 An
ability to translate quality improvement approaches and methods into practice (box
2), coupled with good project and time management skills, will help you design and
implement a robust project plan.27
Box 2
Quality improvement approaches
Healthcare organisations use a range of improvement methods,21
22 such as the Model for Improvement, where changes are tested in small cycles that
involve planning, doing, studying, and acting (PDSA),23 and Lean, which focuses on
continually improving processes by removing waste, duplication, and non-value adding
steps.24 To be effective, such methods need to be applied consistently and rigorously,
with due regard to the context.25 In using PDSA cycles, for example, it is vital that
teams build in sufficient time for planning and reflection, and do not focus primarily
on the “doing.”26
Equally important is an understanding of the measurement for improvement model, which
involves the gradual refinement of your intervention based on repeated tests of change.
The aim is to discover how to make your intervention work in your setting, rather
than to prove it works, so useful data, not perfect data, are needed.28
29 Some experience of data collection and analysis methods (including statistical
analysis tools such as run charts and statistical process control) is useful, but
these will develop with increasing experience.30
31
Most importantly, you need to enjoy the experience. It is rare that a clinician can
institute real, tangible change, but with quality improvement this is a real possibility,
which is both empowering and satisfying. Finally, don’t worry about what you don’t
know. You will learn by doing. Many skills needed to implement successful quality
improvement will be developed as you go; this is a fundamental feature of quality
improvement.
How do you get started?
The first step is to recruit your improvement team. Start with colleagues and patients,32
but also try to bring in people from other professions, including non-clinical staff.
You need a blend of skills and perspectives in your team. Find a colleague experienced
in quality improvement who is willing to mentor or supervise you.
Next, identify a problem collaboratively with your team. Use data to help with this
(eg, clinical audits, registries of data on patients’ experiences and outcomes, and
learning from incidents and complaints) (box 3). Take time to understand what might
be causing the problem. There are different techniques to help you (process mapping,
five whys, appreciative inquiry).35
36
37 Think about the contextual factors that are contributing to the problem (eg, the
structure, culture, politics, capabilities and resources of your organisation).
Box 3
Clinical audit and quality improvement
Quality improvement is an umbrella term under which many approaches sit, clinical
audit being one.33 Clinical audit is commonly used by trainees to assess clinical
effectiveness. Confusion of audit as both a term for assurance and improvement has
perhaps limited its potential, with many audits ending at the data collection stage
and failing to lead to improvement interventions. Learning from big datasets such
as the National Clinical Audits in the UK is beginning to shift the focus to a quality
improvement approach that focuses on identifying and understanding unwanted variation
in the local context; developing and testing possible solutions, and moving from one-off
change to multiple cycles of change.34
Next, develop your aim using the SMART framework: Specific (S), Measurable (M), Achievable
(A), Realistic (R), and Timely (T).38 This allows you to assess the scale of the intervention
and to pare it down if your original idea is too ambitious. Aligning your improvement
aim with the priorities of the organisation where you work will help you to get management
and executive support.39
Having done this, map those stakeholders who might be affected by your intervention
and work out which ones you need to approach, and how to sell it to them.40 Take the
time to talk to them. It will be appreciated and increases the likelihood of buy in,
without which your quality improvement project is likely to fail irrespective of how
good your idea is. You need to be clear in your own mind about the reasons you think
it is important. Developing an “elevator pitch” based on your aims is a useful technique
to persuade others,38 remembering different people are hooked in for different reasons.
The intervention will not be perfect first time. Expect a series of iterative changes
in response to false starts and obstacles. Measuring the impact of your intervention
will enable you to refine it.28 Time invested in all these aspects will improve your
chances of success.
Right from the start, think about how improvement will be embedded. Attention to sustainability
will mean that when you move to your next job your improvement efforts, and those
of others, and the impact you have collectively achieved will not be lost.41
42
What support is needed?
You need support from both your organisation and experienced colleagues to translate
your skills into practice. Here are some steps you can take to help you make the most
of your skills:
Find the mentor or supervisor who will help identify and support opportunities for
you. Signposting and introduction to those in an organisation who will help influence
(and may hinder) your quality improvement project is invaluable
Use planning and reporting tools to help manage your project, such as those in NHS
Improvement’s project management framework27
Identify if your local quality improvement or clinical audit team may be a source
of support and useful development resource for you rather than just a place to register
a project. Most want to support you.
Determine how you might access (or develop your own) local peer to peer support networks,
coaching, and wider improvement networks (eg, NHS networks; Q network43
44)
Use quality improvement e-learning platforms such as those provided by Health Education
England or NHS Education for Scotland to build your knowledge45
46
Learn through feedback and assessment of your project (eg, via the QIPAT tool47 or
a multi-source feedback tool.48
49
Quality improvement approaches are still relatively new in the education of healthcare
professionals. Quality improvement can give clinicians a more productive, empowering,
and educational experience. Quality improvement projects allow clinicians, working
within a team, to identify an issue and implement interventions that can result in
true improvements in quality. Projects can be undertaken in fields that interest clinicians
and give them transferable skills in communication, leadership, project management,
team working, and clinical governance. Done well, quality improvement is a highly
beneficial, positive process which enables clinicians to deliver true change for the
benefit of themselves, their organisations, and their patients.
Quality improvement in action: three doctors and a medical student talk about the
challenges and practicalities of quality improvement
This box contains four interviews by Laura Nunez-Mulder with people who have experience
in quality improvement.
Alex Thompson, medical student at the University of Cambridge, is in the early stages
of his first quality improvement project
We are aiming to improve identification and early diagnosis of aortic dissections
in our hospital. Our supervising consultant suspects that the threshold for organising
computed tomography angiography for a suspected aortic dissection is too high, so
to start with, my student colleague and I are finding out what proportion of CT angiograms
result in a diagnosis of aortic dissection.
I fit the project around my studies by working on it in small chunks here and there.
You have to be very self motivated to see a project through to the end.
Anna Olsson-Brown, research fellow at the University of Liverpool, engaged in quality
improvement in her F1 year, and has since supported junior doctors to do the same.
This extract is adapted from her BMJ Opinion piece (https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/)
Working in the emergency department after my F1 job in oncology, I noticed that the
guidelines on neutropenic sepsis antibiotics were relatively unknown and even less
frequently implemented. A colleague and I devised a neutropenic sepsis pathway for
oncology patients in the emergency department including an alert label for blood tests.
The pathway ran for six months and there was some initial improvement, but the benefit
was not sustained after we left the department.
As an ST3, I mentored a junior doctor whose quality improvement project led to the
introduction of a syringe driver prescription sticker that continues to be used to
this day.
My top tips for those supporting trainees in quality improvement:
Make sure the project is sufficiently narrow to enable timely delivery
Ensure regular evaluation to assess impact
Support trainees to implement sustainable pathways that do not require their ongoing
input.
Amar Puttanna, consultant in diabetes and endocrinology at Good Hope Hospital, describes
a project he carried out as a chief registrar of the Royal College of Physicians
The project of which I am proudest is a referral service we launched to review medication
for patients with diabetes and dementia. We worked with practitioners on the older
adult care ward, the acute medical unit, the frailty service, and the IT teams, and
we promoted the project in newsletters at the trust and the Royal College of Physicians.
The success of the project depended on continuous promotion to raise awareness of
the service because junior doctors move on frequently. Activity in our project reduced
after I left the trust, though it is still ongoing and won a Quality in Care Award
in November 2018.
Though this project was a success, not everything works. But even the projects that
fail contain valuable lessons.
Mark Taubert, consultant in palliative medicine and honorary senior lecturer for Cardiff
University School of Medicine, launched the TalkCPR project
Speaking to people with expertise in quality improvement helped me to narrow my focus
to one question: “Can videos be used to inform both staff and patients/carers about
cardiopulmonary resuscitation and its risks in palliative illness?” With my team I
created and evaluated TalkCPR, an online resource that has gone on to win awards (talkcpr.wales).
The most challenging aspect was figuring out which tools might get the right information
from any data I collected. I enrolled on a Silver Improving Quality Together course
and joined the Welsh Bevan Commission, where I learned useful techniques such as multiple
PDSA (plan, do, study, act) cycles, driver diagrams, and fishbone diagrams.
Education into practice
In designing your next quality improvement project:
What will you do to ensure that you understand the problem you are trying to solve?
How will you involve your colleagues and patients in your project and gain the support
of managers and senior staff?
What steps will you take right from the start to ensure that any improvements made
are sustained?
How patients were involved in the creation of this article
The authors have drawn on their experience both in partnering with patients in the
design and delivery of multiple quality improvement activities and in participating
in the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges Training for Better Outcomes Task and Finish
Group1 in which patients were involved at every step. Patients were not directly involved
in writing this article.
Sources and selection material
Evidence for this article was based on references drawn from authors’ academic experience
in this area, guidance from organisations involved in supporting quality improvement
work in practice such as NHS Improvement, The Health Foundation, and the Institute
for Healthcare Improvement, and authors’ experience of working to support clinical
trainees to undertake quality improvement.