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Abstract

The timing of GpIIb/IIIa inhibitor administration may be important in achieving early epicardial and myocardial reperfusion. We evaluated the effect of early tirofiban on myocardial salvage and cardiovascular outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing infarct-related artery stenting. Patients (n = 66) with a first AMI presenting <6 h from onset of symptoms were randomized to either early administration of tirofiban in the emergency room (n = 32) or later administration in the catheterization laboratory (n = 34) (tirofiban bolus dose of 10 microg/kg, followed by 0.15 microg/kg for 24 h). The primary end-point was the degree of myocardial salvage, determined by means of serial scintigraphic studies with technetium-99m sestamibi. Thirty-day major adverse cardiac events were also assessed. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics or in their presentation. The mean door-to-balloon time was similar in both groups (43 +/- 12 and 53 +/- 9 min, p = 0.08). The early and late treatment groups received tirofiban 18 +/- 4 and 52 +/- 10 min after admission, respectively. Angiographic analysis revealed a higher initial frequency of TIMI grade 3 flow in the early group (31% vs. 12%, p = 0.04). Procedural success was achieved in all patients. Myocardial risk area were comparable between early and late treatment groups (35.6 +/- 12.2% vs. 39.3 +/- 14.0%, p = 0.6). Scintigraphic outcomes demonstrated a significant reduction in the final infarction size (11.8 +/- 5.2% vs. 22.4 +/- 6.2%, p = 0.01), and improvement in salvage index (0.68 +/- 0.22 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.18, p = 0.003) in favor of the early tirofiban group. The thirty-day composite end-point of death, recurrent MI or rehospitalization also favored the early group (6% early, 15% late, p = 0.06). Early tirofiban administration enhanced the degree of myocardial salvage and clinical outcome in patients with AMI undergoing infarct-related artery stenting. 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

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TIMI Frame Count : A Quantitative Method of Assessing Coronary Artery Flow

C Gibson, Christopher Cannon, William Daley … (1996)

Background Although the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade is a valuable and widely used qualitative measure in angiographic trials, it is limited by its subjective and categorical nature. Methods and Results In normal patients and patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) (TIMI 4), the number of cineframes needed for dye to reach standardized distal landmarks was counted to objectively assess an index of coronary blood flow as a continuous variable. The TIMI frame-counting method was reproducible (mean absolute difference between two injections, 4.7±3.9 frames, n=85). In 78 consecutive normal arteries, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) TIMI frame count (36.2±2.6 frames) was 1.7 times longer than the mean of the right coronary artery (20.4±3.0) and circumflex counts (22.2±4.1, P <.001 for either versus LAD). Therefore, the longer LAD frame counts were corrected by dividing by 1.7 to derive the corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC). The mean CTFC in culprit arteries 90 minutes after thrombolytic administration followed a continuous unimodal distribution (there were not subpopulations of slow and fast flow) with a mean value of 39.2±20.0 frames, which improved to 31.7±12.9 frames by 18 to 36 hours ( P <.001). No correlation existed between improvements in CTFCs and changes in minimum lumen diameter ( r =−.05, P =.59). The mean 90-minute CTFC among nonculprit arteries (25.5±9.8) was significantly higher (flow was slower) compared with arteries with normal flow in the absence of acute MI (21.0±3.1, P <.001) but improved to that of normal arteries by 1 day after thrombolysis (21.7±7.1, P =NS). Conclusions The CTFC is a simple, reproducible, objective, and quantitative index of coronary flow that allows standardization of TIMI flow grades and facilitates comparisons of angiographic end points between trials. Disordered resistance vessel function may account in part for reductions in flow in the early hours after thrombolysis.

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Coronary angioplasty with or without stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction. Stent Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group.

O Madonna, M Morice, G Stone … (1999)

Coronary-stent implantation is frequently performed for treatment of acute myocardial infarction. However, few studies have compared stent implantation with primary angioplasty alone. We designed a multicenter study to compare primary angioplasty with angioplasty accompanied by implantation of a heparin-coated Palmaz-Schatz stent. Patients with acute myocardial infarction underwent emergency catheterization and angioplasty. Those with vessels suitable for stenting were randomly assigned to undergo angioplasty with stenting (452 patients) or angioplasty alone (448 patients). The mean (+/-SD) minimal luminal diameter was larger after stenting than after angioplasty alone (2.56+/-0.44 mm vs. 2.12+/-0.45 mm, P<0.001), although fewer patients assigned to stenting had grade 3 blood flow (according to the classification of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trial) (89.4 percent, vs. 92.7 percent in the angioplasty group; P=0.10). After six months, fewer patients in the stent group than in the angioplasty group had angina (11.3 percent vs. 16.9 percent, P=0.02) or needed target-vessel revascularization because of ischemia (7.7 percent vs. 17.0 percent, P<0.001). In addition, the combined primary end point of death, reinfarction, disabling stroke, or target-vessel revascularization because of ischemia occurred in fewer patients in the stent group than in the angioplasty group (12.6 percent vs. 20.1 percent, P<0.01). The decrease in the combined end point was due entirely to the decreased need for target-vessel revascularization. The six-month mortality rates were 4.2 percent in the stent group and 2.7 percent in the angioplasty group (P=0.27). Angiographic follow-up at 6.5 months demonstrated a lower incidence of restenosis in the stent group than in the angioplasty group (20.3 percent vs. 33.5 percent, P<0.001). In patients with acute myocardial infarction, routine implantation of a stent has clinical benefits beyond those of primary coronary angioplasty alone.

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Coronary stenting plus platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Stent versus Thrombolysis for Occluded Coronary Arteries in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Study Investigators.

Markus Schwaiger, S Martinoff, Adnan Kastrati … (2000)

Prevention of myocardial damage is the main goal of all reperfusion therapies in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The relative efficacy of various reperfusion strategies is under intensive investigation. We assessed whether coronary stenting combined with the blockade of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors produces a greater degree of myocardial salvage than fibrinolysis with an accelerated infusion of alteplase, a tissue plasminogen activator, in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A total of 140 patients were enrolled in the randomized trial; 71 were assigned to receive a stent plus abciximab, and 69 to receive intravenous alteplase. The primary end point was the degree of myocardial salvage, determined by means of serial scintigraphic studies with technetium Tc 99m sestamibi. The secondary end point was a composite of death, reinfarction, and stroke within six months after randomization. In the group that received a stent plus abciximab, the median size of the final infarct was 14.3 percent of the left ventricle (25th and 75th percentiles, 6.8 and 24.5 percent), as compared with a median of 19.4 percent (25th and 75th percentiles, 7.9 and 34.2 percent) in the alteplase group (P=0.02). This difference was due to the larger salvage index (the percentage of the left ventricle that was salvaged, divided by the percentage that was compromised by the initial perfusion defect) in the stent group: 0.57 (25th and 75th percentiles, 0.35 and 0.69), as compared with 0.26 (25th and 75th percentiles, 0.09 and 0.61; P<0.001). The cumulative incidence of death, reinfarction, or stroke at six months was lower in the stent group than in the alteplase group (8.5 vs. 23.2 percent. P=0.02; relative risk, 0.34; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.13 to 0.88). In patients with acute myocardial infarction, coronary stenting plus abciximab leads to a greater degree of myocardial salvage and a better clinical outcome than does fibrinolysis with a tissue plasminogen activator.