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      Point-spread function reconstructed PET images of sub-centimeter lesions are not quantitative.

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          Abstract

          PET image reconstruction methods include modeling of resolution degrading phenomena, often referred to as point-spread function (PSF) reconstruction. The aim of this study was to develop a clinically relevant phantom and characterize the reproducibility and accuracy of high-resolution PSF reconstructed images of small lesions, which is a prerequisite for using PET in the prediction and evaluation of responses to treatment. Sets of small homogeneous (18)F-spheres (range 3-12 mm diameter, relevant for small lesions and lymph nodes) were suspended and covered by a (11)C-silicone, which provided a scattering medium and a varying sphere-to-background ratio. Repeated measurements were made on PET/CT scanners from two vendors using a wide range of reconstruction parameters. Recovery coefficients (RCs) were measured for clinically used volume-of-interest definitions.

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          Fully 3-D PET reconstruction with system matrix derived from point source measurements.

          V.Y. Panin, F Kehren, C. Michel … (2006)
          The quality of images reconstructed by statistical iterative methods depends on an accurate model of the relationship between image space and projection space through the system matrix The elements of the system matrix for the clinical Hi-Rez scanner were derived by processing the data measured for a point source at different positions in a portion of the field of view. These measured data included axial compression and azimuthal interleaving of adjacent projections. Measured data were corrected for crystal and geometrical efficiency. Then, a whole system matrix was derived by processing the responses in projection space. Such responses included both geometrical and detection physics components of the system matrix. The response was parameterized to correct for point source location and to smooth for projection noise. The model also accounts for axial compression (span) used on the scanner. The forward projector for iterative reconstruction was constructed using the estimated response parameters. This paper extends our previous work to fully three-dimensional. Experimental data were used to compare images reconstructed by the standard iterative reconstruction software and the one modeling the response function. The results showed that the modeling of the response function improves both spatial resolution and noise properties.
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            Resolution modeling in PET imaging: theory, practice, benefits, and pitfalls.

            Vesna Sossi, Jinyi Qi, Arman Rahmim (2013)
            In this paper, the authors review the field of resolution modeling in positron emission tomography (PET) image reconstruction, also referred to as point-spread-function modeling. The review includes theoretical analysis of the resolution modeling framework as well as an overview of various approaches in the literature. It also discusses potential advantages gained via this approach, as discussed with reference to various metrics and tasks, including lesion detection observer studies. Furthermore, attention is paid to issues arising from this approach including the pervasive problem of edge artifacts, as well as explanation and potential remedies for this phenomenon. Furthermore, the authors emphasize limitations encountered in the context of quantitative PET imaging, wherein increased intervoxel correlations due to resolution modeling can lead to significant loss of precision (reproducibility) for small regions of interest, which can be a considerable pitfall depending on the task of interest.
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              Impact of image-space resolution modeling for studies with the high-resolution research tomograph.

              Florent Sureau, Andrew J. Reader, Claude Comtat … (2008)
              Brain PET in small structures is challenged by low resolution inducing bias in the activity measurements. Improved spatial resolution may be obtained by using dedicated tomographs and more comprehensive modeling of the acquisition system during reconstruction. In this study, we assess the impact of resolution modeling (RM) during reconstruction on image quality and on the estimates of biologic parameters in a clinical study performed on a high-resolution research tomograph.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): EJNMMI Phys
                Title: EJNMMI physics
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Print): 2197-7364
                Publication date (Electronic): Dec 2017
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. olelajmu@rm.dk.
                [2 ] Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
                [3 ] Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 10.1186/s40658-016-0169-9
                DOI: 10.1186/s40658-016-0169-9
                PMC ID: 5236043
                PubMed ID: 28091957
                SO-VID: d09370d9-02d5-4cb3-8f62-fed73e89bf09
                History

                Keywords: Image artifacts,Point spread function,Positron emission tomography,Quantitative imaging,Reconstruction,Standardized uptake value (SUV)
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Image artifacts, Point spread function, Positron emission tomography, Quantitative imaging, Reconstruction, Standardized uptake value (SUV)

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