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      Factors contributing to post-traumatic growth following breast cancer: Results from a randomized longitudinal clinical trial containing psychological interventions

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          The purpose of this study was to explore the factors influencing post-traumatic growth in breast cancer patients during 3 years after diagnosis.

          Materials and methods

          Our longitudinal study involved 71 medium and high-risk breast cancer patients, who received special attention and either hypnosis or music psychological intervention while receiving the same chemotherapy protocol. The influences of the interventions, as well as the demographic (age, marital status, and educational level) and psychosocial factors (coping, post-traumatic stress, and well-being), on post-traumatic growth were explored.

          Results

          The results showed that over 97% of our patients experienced post-traumatic growth. It was positively associated with Quality of Life domains 3 years after diagnosis, and with Psychological Immune Competence cumulative scores after treatment and 3 years after diagnosis. Psychological Immune Competence, emotional severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms, and the social support scale of Quality of Life explained 33.9% of the variance of post-traumatic growth.

          Conclusion

          The results confirm that positive coping strategies, emotional severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms, and social support contribute to post-traumatic growth, and that post-traumatic growth has a weak to moderate association with quality of life.

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          Most cited references30

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          Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2008.

          J Ferlay, D.M. PARKIN, E Steliarova-Foucher (2010)
          Up-to-date statistics on cancer occurrence and outcome are essential for the planning and evaluation of programmes for cancer control. Since the relevant information for 2008 is not generally available as yet, we used statistical models to estimate incidence and mortality data for 25 cancers in 40 European countries (grouped and individually) in 2008. The calculations are based on published data. If not collected, national rates were estimated from national mortality data and incidence and mortality data provided by local cancer registries of the same or neighbouring country. The estimated 2008 rates were applied to the corresponding country population estimates for 2008 to obtain an estimate of the numbers of cancer cases and deaths in Europe in 2008. There were an estimated 3.2 million new cases of cancer and 1.7 million deaths from cancer in 2008. The most common cancers were colorectal cancers (436,000 cases, 13.6% of the total), breast cancer (421,000, 13.1%), lung cancer (391,000, 12.2%) and prostate cancer (382,000, 11.9%). The most common causes of death from cancer were lung cancer (342,000 deaths, 19.9% of the total), colorectal cancer (212,000 deaths, 12.3%), breast cancer (129,000, 7.5%) and stomach cancer (117,000, 6.8%). Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Posttraumatic growth in cancer: reality or illusion?

            Cristian Ochoa, Ignacio Blanco, Enric C Sumalla (2009)
            Research in posttraumatic growth (PTG) among cancer patients has been triggered primarily by the inclusion of serious illnesses among the events that can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); increasing survival rates among cancer patients; and, attempts at encouraging a positive psychology that focuses on a patient's ability to fight adversity. The difficulties encountered in clearly defining the processes associated with this subjective feeling of growth following recovery raise doubts concerning the real or illusory nature of the phenomenon and its adaptative value. This paper explains why cancer may be different than other traumas and why PTG may interact with this ecology of circumstances in different ways. Difficulty in identifying a single stressor, the internal source of the event, cancer as a future, ongoing and chronic integration threat, and greater perceived control differences between cancer and others traumas. This review brings together the latest studies of PTG in cancer, and focuses in the debate of the real or illusory nature of the PTG and his adaptative value. The ongoing threat, uncertainty and vulnerability associated with cancer are the variables that have been related most consistently with PTG and tend to confuse the relationship between PTG and emotional well-being, too.
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              Religion, spirituality, and posttraumatic growth: a systematic review

              Annick Shaw, P. Alex Linley, Stephen Joseph (2005)
              Article 0 comments Cited 64 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (pmc): dhs
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DHS
                Title: Developments in Health Sciences
                Abbreviated Title: DHS
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2630-936X
                ISSN (Print): 2630-9378
                Publication date (Electronic, epub): 22 August 2019
                Publication date (Print, ppub): September 2019
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 29-35
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Doctoral School of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
                [ 2 ]Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest, Hungary
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Orsolya Zsigmond; Doctoral School of Psychology and Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella Str. 46, H-1064 Budapest, Hungary; E-mail: alyoosa@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/2066.2.2019.005
                SO-VID: 6f2a0176-a03f-4df2-9fad-367dfc046a08
                Copyright © © 2019 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated. (SID_1)

                History
                Date received : 17 February 2019
                Date revision received : 30 May 2019
                Date accepted : 12 June 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: ORIGINAL ARTICLE

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Immunology,Health & Social care,Microbiology & Virology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: coping,social support,interventions,post-traumatic growth,breast cancer,post-traumatic stress symptoms
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Immunology, Health & Social care, Microbiology & Virology, Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: coping, social support, interventions, post-traumatic growth, breast cancer, post-traumatic stress symptoms

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