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      International Journal of COPD (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on pathophysiological processes underlying Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) interventions, patient focused education, and self-management protocols. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Rosiglitazone attenuates the metalloprotease/anti-metalloprotease imbalance in emphysema induced by cigarette smoke: involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NFκB signaling.

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          Abstract

          We investigated how rosiglitazone attenuated cigarette smoke (CS)-induced emphysema in a rat model. In particular, we focused on its possible effects on the imbalance between metalloprotease (MMP) and anti-MMP activity, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NFκB) signaling pathway over-activation.

          Most cited references34

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          Commensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate inflammation by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR-gamma and RelA.

          The human gut microflora is important in regulating host inflammatory responses and in maintaining immune homeostasis. The cellular and molecular bases of these actions are unknown. Here we describe a unique anti-inflammatory mechanism, activated by nonpathogenic bacteria, that selectively antagonizes transcription factor NF-kappaB. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron targets transcriptionally active NF-kappaB subunit RelA, enhancing its nuclear export through a mechanism independent of nuclear export receptor Crm-1. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), in complex with nuclear RelA, also undergoes nucleocytoplasmic redistribution in response to B. thetaiotaomicron. A decrease in PPAR-gamma abolishes both the nuclear export of RelA and the anti-inflammatory activity of B. thetaiotaomicron. This PPAR-gamma-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanism defines new cellular targets for therapeutic drug design and interventions for the treatment of chronic inflammation.
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            Modulation of PPAR activity via phosphorylation.

            Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that respond to specific ligands by altering gene expression in a cell-, developmental- and sex-specific manner. Three subtypes of this receptor have been discovered (PPARalpha, beta and gamma), each apparently evolving to fulfill different biological niches. PPARs control a variety of target genes involved in lipid homeostasis, diabetes and cancer. Similar to other nuclear receptors, the PPARs are phosphoproteins and their transcriptional activity is affected by cross-talk with kinases and phosphatases. Phosphorylation by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK- and p38-MAPK), Protein Kinase A and C (PKA, PKC), AMP Kinase (AMPK) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) affect their activity in a ligand-dependent or -independent manner. The effects of phosphorylation depend on the cellular context, receptor subtype and residue metabolized which can be manifested at several steps in the PPAR activation sequence including ligand affinity, DNA binding, coactivator recruitment and proteasomal degradation. The review will summarize the known PPAR kinases that directly act on these receptors, the sites affected and the result of this modification on receptor activity.
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              Series "matrix metalloproteinases in lung health and disease": Matrix metalloproteinases in COPD.

              There is considerable evidence that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are up- and/or downregulated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), particularly in emphysema, in which they probably participate in proteolytic attack on the alveolar wall matrix. Recent data suggest that MMPs also have major roles in driving inflammation or shutting it down, as well as modifying the release of fibrogenic growth factors, processes that are important in the genesis of the various lesions of COPD. In cigarette smoke-induced animal models of emphysema, MMP-12 appears to play a consistent and important role, whereas the data for other MMPs are difficult to interpret. In human lungs, evidence for a role for MMPs is more tenuous and there are numerous contradictions in the literature. Little is known about the effects of MMPs in small airway remodelling, smoke-induced pulmonary hypertension and chronic bronchitis, but MMP-12 participates in experimental small airway modelling. To date, the accumulated data suggest that selective inhibition of MMP-12 might be a viable therapy for emphysema and small airway remodelling, but subtle differences in the functions of MMP-12 in animals and humans mandate caution with this approach. Whether inhibition of other MMPs might be useful is unclear.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
                Informa UK Limited
                1178-2005
                1176-9106
                2015
                : 10
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
                Article
                copd-10-715
                10.2147/COPD.S77514
                4396520
                25897215
                1d9703f7-24ba-4d60-8bed-51374a49788b
                History

                NFκB,PPAR,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,emphysema,matrix metalloprotease2,matrix metalloprotease9

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