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      Personality trait structure as a human universal.

      The American psychologist
      Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Culture, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Questionnaires

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          Abstract

          Patterns of covariation among personality traits in English-speaking populations can be summarized by the five-factor model (FFM). To assess the cross-cultural generalizability of the FFM, data from studies using 6 translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P.T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) were compared with the American factor structure. German, Portuguese, Hebrew, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese samples (N = 7,134) showed similar structures after varimax rotation of 5 factors. When targeted rotations were used, the American factor structure was closely reproduced, even at the level of secondary loadings. Because the samples studied represented highly diverse cultures with languages from 5 distinct language families, these data strongly suggest that personality trait structure is universal.

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          Journal
          9145021

          Chemistry
          Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Culture,Female,Humans,Language,Male,Middle Aged,Personality,Questionnaires
          Chemistry
          Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Culture, Female, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Questionnaires

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