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Abstract

Diabetic children and their caregivers face the never-ceasing challenge of maintaining blood glucose levels as close as possible to the normal range so as to prevent or delay long-term micro- and macrovascular complications, to minimize the risk of severe hypoglycemic episodes, and to improve quality of life. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy represents a treatment option that can aid in achieving these goals. Granted that insulin secretor responses to physiological stimuli are complex and difficult to duplicate, CSII is the most physiological method of insulin delivery currently available, simulating the pattern of insulin secretion with a continuous adjustable 'basal' delivery and superimposed mealtime 'boluses'. CSII offers greater flexibility and more precise insulin delivery than do multiple daily injections, and thus can reduce the frequency of severe hypoglycemia. However, when CSII was compared to multiple daily injections in randomized crossover or controlled trials in children or adolescents, generally there was no significant difference in HbA1c. This review briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the use of CSII in pediatric and adolescent patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Copyright 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.

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Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring.

Dorothee Deiss, Jan Bolinder, Jean-Pierre Riveline … (2006)

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Beneficial effects of intensive therapy of diabetes during adolescence: outcomes after the conclusion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT).

N White, P Cleary, W Dahms … (2001)

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that intensive therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus reduces the risk of development and progression of microvascular complications. The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study assessed whether these benefits persisted after the end of DCCT. Results for the adolescent DCCT cohort are reported here. Of the DCCT adolescent cohort (n = 195), 175 participated in EDIC, 151 had fundus photography, and 156 had albumin excretion rate measured at year 3 or 4. The odds of progression of retinopathy and albuminuria from closeout of the DCCT until EDIC year 4 were assessed. In contrast to the 7.4 years of the DCCT, during which mean hemoglobin A(1c) levels were significantly lower with intensive therapy than conventional therapy (8.06% vs 9.76%; P <.0001), the subsequent first 4 years of EDIC had mean hemoglobin A(1c) levels that were similar between the former intensive and the former conventional groups (8.38% vs 8.45%). However, the prevalence of worsening of 3 steps or more in retinopathy and of progression to proliferative or severe nonproliferative retinopathy were reduced by 74% (P <.001) and 78% (P <.007), respectively, in the former intensive therapy group compared with the former conventional group. These findings provide further support for the DCCT recommendation that most adolescents with type 1 diabetes receive intensive therapy aimed at achieving glycemic control as close to normal as possible to reduce the risk of microvascular complications.