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      Differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies by proteotyping

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          Abstract

          Campylobacter fetus is a causative agent of intestinal illness and, occasionally, severe systemic infections and meningitis. C. fetus currently comprises three subspecies: C. fetus subspecies fetus ( Cff), C. fetus subspecies venerealis ( Cfv), and C. fetus subspecies testudinum ( Cft). Cff and Cfv are primarily associated with mammals whereas Cft is associated with reptiles.

          To offer an alternative to laborious sequence-based techniques such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-ribotyping for this species, the purpose of the study was to develop a typing scheme based on proteotyping.

          In total, 41 representative C. fetus strains were analyzed by intact cell mass spectrometry and compared to MLST results. Biomarkers detected in the mass spectrum of C. fetus subsp. fetus reference strain LMG 6442 (NCTC 10842) as well as corresponding isoforms were associated with the respective amino acid sequences and added to the C. fetus proteotyping scheme.

          In combination, the 9 identified biomarkers allow the differentiation of Cft subspecies strains from Cff and Cfv subspecies strains. Biomarkers to distinguish between Cff and Cfv were not found. The results of the study show the potential of proteotyping to differentiate different subspecies, but also the limitations of the method.

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          Sudhir Kumar, Glen Stecher, Michael KaWah Li … (2018)
          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            World Health Organization Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010

            Arie Havelaar, Martyn D. Kirk, Paul Torgerson … (2015)
            Illness and death from diseases caused by contaminated food are a constant threat to public health and a significant impediment to socio-economic development worldwide. To measure the global and regional burden of foodborne disease (FBD), the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG), which here reports their first estimates of the incidence, mortality, and disease burden due to 31 foodborne hazards. We find that the global burden of FBD is comparable to those of the major infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The most frequent causes of foodborne illness were diarrheal disease agents, particularly norovirus and Campylobacter spp. Diarrheal disease agents, especially non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, were also responsible for the majority of deaths due to FBD. Other major causes of FBD deaths were Salmonella Typhi, Taenia solium and hepatitis A virus. The global burden of FBD caused by the 31 hazards in 2010 was 33 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs); children under five years old bore 40% of this burden. The 14 subregions, defined on the basis of child and adult mortality, had considerably different burdens of FBD, with the greatest falling on the subregions in Africa, followed by the subregions in South-East Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean D subregion. Some hazards, such as non-typhoidal S. enterica, were important causes of FBD in all regions of the world, whereas others, such as certain parasitic helminths, were highly localised. Thus, the burden of FBD is borne particularly by children under five years old–although they represent only 9% of the global population–and people living in low-income regions of the world. These estimates are conservative, i.e., underestimates rather than overestimates; further studies are needed to address the data gaps and limitations of the study. Nevertheless, all stakeholders can contribute to improvements in food safety throughout the food chain by incorporating these estimates into policy development at national and international levels.
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              The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species.

              S. F. Paul Man (2011)
              A growing number of Campylobacter species other than C. jejuni and C. coli have been recognized as emerging human and animal pathogens. Although C. jejuni continues to be the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, advances in molecular biology and development of innovative culture methodologies have led to the detection and isolation of a range of under-recognized and nutritionally fastidious Campylobacter spp., including C. concisus, C. upsaliensis and C. ureolyticus. These emerging Campylobacter spp. have been associated with a range of gastrointestinal diseases, particularly gastroenteritis, IBD and periodontitis. In some instances, infection of the gastrointestinal tract by these bacteria can progress to life-threatening extragastrointestinal diseases. Studies have shown that several emerging Campylobacter spp. have the ability to attach to and invade human intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, damage intestinal barrier integrity, secrete toxins and strategically evade host immune responses. Members of the Campylobacter genus naturally colonize a wide range of hosts (including pets, farm animals and wild animals) and are frequently found in contaminated food products, which indicates that these bacteria are at risk of zoonotic transmission to humans. This Review presents the latest information on the role and clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter spp. in gastrointestinal health and disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 1886
                Title: European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology
                Abbreviated Title: EuJMI
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó
                ISSN (Electronic): 2062-8633
                Publication date (Print): June 2019
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 62-71
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
                [2 ] Institut für bakterielle Infektionen und Zoonosen, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit , Jena, Germany
                [3 ] Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , The Netherlands
                [4 ] WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis , Utrecht, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [*]

                Author for correspondence: Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; Phone: +49-551-398549; Fax: +49-551-395861; azautne@ 123456gwdg.de .

                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00006
                SO-VID: cf21d8e8-5992-4355-bf8b-d3aa09f8accc
                Copyright © © 2019 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes - if any - are indicated.

                History
                Date received : 19 March 2019
                Date accepted : 29 March 2019
                Date: 20 May 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 10
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Immunology,Health & Social care,Microbiology & Virology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: below species differentiation, Campylobacter fetus ,proteotyping,MLST,MALDI-TOF MS,ICMS
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Immunology, Health & Social care, Microbiology & Virology, Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: below species differentiation, Campylobacter fetus , proteotyping, MLST, MALDI-TOF MS, ICMS

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