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      Sickle cell disease: renal manifestations and mechanisms.

      1 , 2
      Nature reviews. Nephrology

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          Abstract

          Sickle cell disease (SCD) substantially alters renal structure and function, and causes various renal syndromes and diseases. Such diverse renal outcomes reflect the uniquely complex vascular pathobiology of SCD and the propensity of red blood cells to sickle in the renal medulla because of its hypoxic, acidotic, and hyperosmolar conditions. Renal complications and involvement in sickle cell nephropathy (SCN) include altered haemodynamics, hypertrophy, assorted glomerulopathies, chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, impaired urinary concentrating ability, distal nephron dysfunction, haematuria, and increased risks of urinary tract infections and renal medullary carcinoma. SCN largely reflects an underlying vasculopathy characterized by cortical hyperperfusion, medullary hypoperfusion, and an increased, stress-induced vasoconstrictive response. Renal involvement is usually more severe in homozygous disease (sickle cell anaemia, HbSS) than in compound heterozygous types of SCD (for example HbSC and HbSβ(+)-thalassaemia), and is typically mild, albeit prevalent, in the heterozygous state (sickle cell trait, HbAS). Renal involvement contributes substantially to the diminished life expectancy of patients with SCD, accounting for 16-18% of mortality. As improved clinical care promotes survival into adulthood, SCN imposes a growing burden on both individual health and health system costs. This Review addresses the renal manifestations of SCD and focuses on their underlying mechanisms.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Nat Rev Nephrol
          Nature reviews. Nephrology
          1759-507X
          1759-5061
          Mar 2015
          : 11
          : 3
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S. W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
          [2 ] Division of Haematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 480, 420 Delaware Street S. E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
          Article
          nrneph.2015.8 NIHMS688425
          10.1038/nrneph.2015.8
          25668001
          6d29f60e-db2c-48a6-8d80-b7aaea9386b0
          History

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