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      A simplified protocol for in vitro rearing of human body lice Translated title: Un protocole simplifié pour l’élevage in vitro des poux du corps de l’homme

      research-article
      1 , * , , 1
      Parasite
      EDP Sciences
      Body lice, Rearing, Feeding, In vitro, Artificial, Method

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          Abstract

          Human body lice ( Pediculus humanus) are neglected ectoparasites and pathogen vectors. Difficulties in raising and maintaining colonies of body lice in a laboratory setting remain a barrier to fundamental studies of physiology and vector-pathogen interactions in these insects. Several in vivo and in vitro rearing systems have been previously described and used by multiple research groups. However, these methods suffer from drawbacks that still complicate the rearing of body lice relative to many other commonly studied hematophagous insects. Here, a simplified protocol for raising and maintaining body lice in vitro using the commercially available Hemotek apparatus is described. This protocol draws from published methods for rearing body lice as well as other hematophagous insect species to further reduce labor, time, costs, and regulatory requirements typically associated with keeping human body lice in the laboratory. Using this protocol, the insects consistently fed on commercially available rabbit blood with little mortality, reached adulthood at a high rate, and produced a significant number of viable eggs, resulting in a 4.8-fold increase in population over a period of 40 days. The data suggest that the process described here can propagate modest populations for ongoing laboratory experiments and is a useful alternative to existing methods. The use and further optimization of in vitro rearing systems may facilitate dynamic studies of body lice by a wider range of investigators, enabling new progress in combating lice infestations, and louse-borne infections.

          Translated abstract

          Les poux du corps de l’homme ( Pediculus humanus) sont des ectoparasites et des vecteurs de pathogènes négligés. Les difficultés à élever et à maintenir des colonies de poux du corps en laboratoire restent un obstacle aux études fondamentales en physiologie et des interactions vecteur-pathogène chez ces insectes. Plusieurs systèmes d’élevage in vivo et in vitro ont déjà été décrits et utilisés par plusieurs groupes de recherche. Cependant, ces méthodes souffrent d’inconvénients qui compliquent encore l’élevage des poux du corps par rapport à de nombreux autres insectes hématophages couramment étudiés. Ici, un protocole simplifié pour élever et maintenir des poux du corps in vitro en utilisant l’appareil Hemotek, disponible dans le commerce, est décrit. Ce protocole s’inspire des méthodes publiées pour l’élevage des poux du corps ainsi que d’autres espèces d’insectes hématophages pour réduire le travail, le temps, les coûts et les exigences réglementaires généralement associées à la conservation des poux du corps dans le laboratoire. En utilisant ce protocole, les insectes se nourrissent constamment de sang de lapin disponible dans le commerce avec peu de mortalité, atteignent l’âge adulte avec un taux élevé et produisent un nombre important d’œufs viables, entraînant une augmentation de 4,8 fois de la population sur une période de 40 jours. Les données suggèrent que le processus décrit ici peut propager des populations modestes pour des expériences de laboratoire et est une alternative utile aux méthodes existantes. L’utilisation et l’optimisation des systèmes d’élevage in vitro peuvent faciliter les études dynamiques des poux du corps par un plus large éventail de chercheurs, permettant de nouveaux progrès dans la lutte contre les infestations par les poux et les infections transmises par les poux.

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          Most cited references31

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          Biology and genetics of human head and body lice.

          Head lice and body lice have distinct ecologies and differ slightly in morphology and biology, questioning their taxonomic status. Over the past 10 years many genetic studies have been undertaken. Controversial data suggest that not only body lice but also head lice can serve as vectors of Bartonella quintana, and a better understanding of louse epidemiology is crucial. Here, we review taxonomic studies based on biology and genetics, including genomic data on lice, lice endosymbionts, and louse-transmitted bacteria. We recommend that studies of human lice employ morphological and biological characteristics in conjunction with transcriptomic date because lice seem to differ mainly in gene expression (and not in gene content), leading to different phenotypes. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Experimental model to evaluate the human body louse as a vector of plague.

            Yersinia pestis has been found in human body lice during plague outbreaks. To evaluate the role that the human body louse plays as a vector of plague, we allowed lice to feed on rabbits made bacteremic by intravenous inoculation of 10(9) colony-forming units of 3 strains of Y. pestis. High mortality rates were observed in all lice 2 and 3 days after infection. The lice remained infected with the strains for their life span and excreted viable organisms in their feces from day 1, although they were unable to lay eggs. The lice infected with 2 virulent strains of Y. pestis transmitted the organisms during feeding to uninfected rabbits, which became septicemic and died of plague (with 1 exception) 1 day later. Infections were transmitted to naive lice that were fed on these rabbits, showing that lice can be vectors of Y. pestis in an experimental model.
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              The origin and distribution of human lice in the world.

              Two genera of lice parasitize humans: Pthirus and Pediculus. The latter is of significant public health importance and comprises two ecotypes: the body louse and the head louse. These ecotypes are morphologically and genetically notably similar; the body louse is responsible for three infectious diseases: Louse-borne epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Mitochondrial DNA studies have shown that there are three obviously divergent clades of head lice (A, B and C), and only one clade of body lice is shared with head lice (clade A). Each clade has a unique geographic distribution. Lice have been parasitizing humans for millions of years and likely dispersed throughout the World with the human migrations out of Africa, so they can be good markers for studying human evolution. Here, we present an overview of the origin of human lice and their role in vector pathogenic bacteria that caused epidemics, and we review the association between lice clades and human migrations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                parasite
                https://www.parasite-journal.org
                Parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1776-1042
                10 February 2020
                2020
                10 February 2020
                10 February 2020
                : 27
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2020/01 )
                : 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, , Vermillion, 57069 SD, USA,
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Jose.Pietri@ 123456usd.edu
                Article
                parasite190151
                10.1051/parasite/2020007
                f310c02d-e8e5-4c86-b28e-8026d36e5fca
                © J.E. Pietri & R. Ray, published by EDP Sciences, 2020

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 23 November 2019
                : 31 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Parasite 27, 8 (2020)
                2020
                2020
                2020

                Parasitology,Life sciences
                Body lice,In vitro,Rearing,Feeding,Method,Artificial
                Parasitology, Life sciences
                Body lice, In vitro, Rearing, Feeding, Method, Artificial

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