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      Frustrated Lewis pair chemistry: development and perspectives.

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          Abstract

          Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are combinations of Lewis acids and Lewis bases in solution that are deterred from strong adduct formation by steric and/or electronic factors. This opens pathways to novel cooperative reactions with added substrates. Small-molecule binding and activation by FLPs has led to the discovery of a variety of new reactions through unprecedented pathways. Hydrogen activation and subsequent manipulation in metal-free catalytic hydrogenations is a frequently observed feature of many FLPs. The current state of this young but rapidly expanding field is outlined in this Review and the future directions for its broadening sphere of impact are considered.

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          Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Metal-free Hydrogen Activation and More

          Douglas W Stephan, Gerhard Erker (2010)
          Sterically encumbered Lewis acid and Lewis base combinations do not undergo the ubiquitous neutralization reaction to form "classical" Lewis acid/Lewis base adducts. Rather, both the unquenched Lewis acidity and basicity of such sterically "frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs)" is available to carry out unusual reactions. Typical examples of frustrated Lewis pairs are inter- or intramolecular combinations of bulky phosphines or amines with strongly electrophilic RB(C(6)F(5))(2) components. Many examples of such frustrated Lewis pairs are able to cleave dihydrogen heterolytically. The resulting H(+)/H(-) pairs (stabilized for example, in the form of the respective phosphonium cation/hydridoborate anion salts) serve as active metal-free catalysts for the hydrogenation of, for example, bulky imines, enamines, or enol ethers. Frustrated Lewis pairs also react with alkenes, aldehydes, and a variety of other small molecules, including carbon dioxide, in cooperative three-component reactions, offering new strategies for synthetic chemistry.
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            Asymmetric Catalysis: Science and Opportunities (Nobel Lecture) Copyright© The Nobel Foundation 2002. We thank the Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, for permission to print this lecture.

            Ryoji Noyori (2002)
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              Frustrierte Lewis-Paare: metallfreie Wasserstoffaktivierung und mehr

              Douglas W Stephan, Gerhard Erker (2010)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
                Title: Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)
                Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
                ISSN (Electronic): 1521-3773
                ISSN (Print): 1433-7851
                Publication date (Electronic): May 26 2015
                Volume: 54
                Issue: 22
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S3H6 (Canada). dstephan@chem.utoronto.ca.
                [2 ] Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster (Germany). erker@uni-muenster.de.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409800
                PubMed ID: 25974714
                SO-VID: 97feb519-1b99-4774-a1d0-e611f9dd6834
                History

                Keywords: cooperative reactions,small-molecule activation,metal-free hydrogenation,frustrated Lewis pairs
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cooperative reactions, small-molecule activation, metal-free hydrogenation, frustrated Lewis pairs

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