8
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Innate Immunity of the Lung

      editorial
      a , b , *
      Journal of Innate Immunity
      S. Karger AG

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Related collections

          Most cited references14

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found
          Is Open Access

          The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in the Production of Cytokines by Human Lung Macrophages

          Background: The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family is involved in the recognition of and response to microbial infections. These receptors are expressed in leukocytes. TLR stimulation induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Given that human lung macrophages (LMs) constitute the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens, the objective of this study was to investigate the expression and function of TLR subtypes in this cell population. Methods: Human primary LMs were obtained from patients undergoing surgical resection. The RNA and protein expression levels of TLRs, chemokines, and cytokines were assessed after incubation with subtype-selective agonists. Results: In human LMs, the TLR expression level varied from one subtype to another. Stimulation with subtype-selective agonists induced an intense, concentration- and time-dependent increase in the production of chemokines and cytokines. TLR4 stimulation induced the strongest effect, whereas TLR9 stimulation induced a much weaker response. Conclusions: The stimulation of TLRs in human LMs induces intense cytokine and chemokine production, a characteristic of the proinflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found
            Is Open Access

            Role of Metabolic Reprogramming in Pulmonary Innate Immunity and Its Impact on Lung Diseases

            Lung innate immunity is the first line of defence against inhaled allergens, pathogens and environmental pollutants. Cellular metabolism plays a key role in innate immunity. Catabolic pathways, including glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), are interconnected with biosynthetic and redox pathways. Innate immune cell activation and differentiation trigger extensive metabolic changes that are required to support their function. Pro-inflammatory polarisation of macrophages and activation of dendritic cells, mast cells and neutrophils are associated with increased glycolysis and a shift towards the pentose phosphate pathway and fatty acid synthesis. These changes provide the macromolecules required for proliferation and inflammatory mediator production and reactive oxygen species for anti-microbial effects. Conversely, anti-inflammatory macrophages use primarily FAO and oxidative phosphorylation to ensure efficient energy production and redox balance required for prolonged survival. Deregulation of metabolic reprogramming in lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, may contribute to impaired innate immune cell function. Understanding how innate immune cell metabolism is altered in lung disease may lead to identification of new therapeutic targets. This is important as drugs targeting a number of metabolic pathways are already in clinical development for the treatment of other diseases such as cancer.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Human Respiratory Disorders

              Recent studies using animal models have generated profound insight into the functions of various subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The group 2 ILC subset (ILC2) has been implicated in tissue homeostasis, defense responses against parasites, tissue repair, and immunopathology associated with type-2 immunity. In addition, progress has also been made in translating these findings from animal studies into a context of human immunity. Importantly, recent observations strongly support a role for ILC2s in several diseases of the human respiratory system. However, many aspects of human ILC2 biology are still unclear, including how these cells develop and which signals control their activity. As a result, the exact role played by ILCs in human health and disease remains poorly understood. Here, we summarize our current understanding of human ILC2 biology and focus on their potential involvement in various human respiratory disorders.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                JIN
                JIN
                J Innate Immun
                10.1159/issn.1662-811X
                Journal of Innate Immunity
                S. Karger AG
                1662-811X
                1662-8128
                2020
                January 2020
                04 December 2019
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1-3
                Affiliations
                [_a] aDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
                [_b] bDepartment of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                *Dr. Pieter S. Hiemstra, Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, NL–2300 RC Leiden (The Netherlands), E-Mail p.s.hiemstra@lumc.nl
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2549-2569
                Article
                504621 PMC6959115 J Innate Immun 2020;12:1–3
                10.1159/000504621
                PMC6959115
                31801141
                014c0e5c-d0a4-492c-a93b-540d468190fd
                © 2019 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger AG, Basel

                This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any distribution of modified material requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 04 November 2019
                : 05 November 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 3
                Categories
                Editorial

                Internal medicine,Respiratory medicine,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry,Microbiology & Virology,Infectious disease & Microbiology

                Comments

                Comment on this article