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      Resolution of the Portunus gladiator species complex: taxonomic status and identity of Monomia gladiator (Fabricius, 1798) and Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) ( Brachyura , Decapoda , Portunidae )

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently adopted DNA barcoding for the purpose of determining the species identity of commercial seafood products. This effort has revealed instances of incongruence between current scientifically accepted taxon names and those utilized by the seafood industry in product labelling. One such case is that of “ Portunus haanii ”, a name utilized by the seafood industry to label commercial products under the market name “red swimming crab.” However, carcinologists currently regard P. haanii as synonym of Portunus gladiator Fabricius, 1798, which itself is the subject of debate over whether it is a secondary homonym of Cancer gladiator Fabricius, 1793. Further complicating matters, DNA barcode sequences from commercial products match GenBank sequences identified as Portunus pseudoargentatus Stephenson, 1961. Here the complicated taxonomic history of the Portunus gladiator complex is reviewed and a resolution proposed based on combined morphological descriptions and molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is demonstrated that, given the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the current elevation of Monomia Gistel, 1848, to full genus rank, its type species, Portunus gladiator Fabricius, 1798, should be treated as a valid and available taxon name. It is also shown, upon examination and comparison of types and topotypic material that Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) is a distinct taxon from M. gladiator , and Portunus pseudoargentatus Stephenson, 1961, is a junior subjective synonym of M. haanii (Stimpson, 1858). Furthermore, it is shown that crab meat sold in the US currently labeled as “ Portunus haanii ” and/or “red swimming crab” is in fact M. haanii using comparative analysis of DNA barcode sequences between museum-vouchered reference specimens, whole crabs provided directly by a seafood importer, and processed commercial products purchased at retail.

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          MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability

          We report a major update of the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. This version has several new features, including options for adding unaligned sequences into an existing alignment, adjustment of direction in nucleotide alignment, constrained alignment and parallel processing, which were implemented after the previous major update. This report shows actual examples to explain how these features work, alone and in combination. Some examples incorrectly aligned by MAFFT are also shown to clarify its limitations. We discuss how to avoid misalignments, and our ongoing efforts to overcome such limitations.
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            MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets.

            We present the latest version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software, which contains many sophisticated methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. In this major upgrade, Mega has been optimized for use on 64-bit computing systems for analyzing larger datasets. Researchers can now explore and analyze tens of thousands of sequences in Mega The new version also provides an advanced wizard for building timetrees and includes a new functionality to automatically predict gene duplication events in gene family trees. The 64-bit Mega is made available in two interfaces: graphical and command line. The graphical user interface (GUI) is a native Microsoft Windows application that can also be used on Mac OS X. The command line Mega is available as native applications for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. They are intended for use in high-throughput and scripted analysis. Both versions are available from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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              MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.

              MrBayes 3 performs Bayesian phylogenetic analysis combining information from different data partitions or subsets evolving under different stochastic evolutionary models. This allows the user to analyze heterogeneous data sets consisting of different data types-e.g. morphological, nucleotide, and protein-and to explore a wide variety of structured models mixing partition-unique and shared parameters. The program employs MPI to parallelize Metropolis coupling on Macintosh or UNIX clusters.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048d35-bb1d-5ce8-9668-537e44bd4c7e
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2019
                01 July 2019
                : 858
                : 11-43
                Affiliations
                [1 ] United States Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Science, 5001 Campus Dr. College Park, MD 20740 United States Food and Drug Administration College Park United States of America
                [2 ] Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, 117377 Singapore National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Amanda M. Windsor ( amanda.windsor@ 123456fda.gov )

                Academic editor: Sammy De Grave

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7047
                Article
                PMC6614167 PMC6614167 6614167 33826 urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:e1cc00e3-4839-57b6-9e81-2a07b4a13b37 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:32E15439-8D09-49E2-8DCC-94C0C3AC6F7F
                10.3897/zookeys.858.33826
                6614167
                31312088
                518f29b5-b775-4ed6-8907-0daee740d244

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication.

                History
                : 12 February 2019
                : 05 May 2019
                Categories
                Research Article
                Animalia
                Decapoda
                Portunidae
                Molecular Systematics
                Nomenclature
                Phylogeny
                Systematics
                Taxonomy
                Asia
                Australia
                China Seas
                Indian Ocean
                Japan
                Pacific Ocean
                Singapore
                Taiwan
                Thailand
                Vietnam
                Western Australia

                taxonomy,DNA barcoding,molecular phylogenetics,morphology,seafood,swimming crab,Commercial species

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