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      Interplay between dose and frequency of GnRH administration in determining pituitary gonadotropin responsiveness.

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          Abstract

          The dose, frequency and contour of GnRH stimulation of the pituitary gonadotrope have been shown to be independent variables influencing pituitary LH secretion. The dynamic interaction between these variables during physiological and pathophysiological states has yet to be examined.

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          Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization.

          M Filicori, N. Santoro, J Waldstreicher … (1987)
          To examine gonadotropin secretory frequency as a component of the disordered neuroendocrine regulation of gonadotropin secretion in women with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD), we measured serum gonadotropin concentrations in 12 women with PCOD at 10-min intervals for periods of 12-24 h. The patterns of LH and FSH release in these patients were compared to the findings of 24 studies in 21 age-matched normal women during the early, mid- and late follicular phases (EFP, MFP and LFP) of their cycles. Serum sex steroid levels during the 12-24 h of study in the women with PCOD were compared to those in normal women studied during the follicular phase. The mean serum estradiol (E2) level in the women with PCOD was similar to that in normal women studied in the EFP, but lower than those in normal women in the MFP (P less than 0.05) and LFP (P less than 0.01). Mean serum estrone, however, was significantly higher in women with PCOD than in women in the EFP and MFP (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.02, respectively), but lower than that in women in the LFP (P less than 0.02). Total and unbound testosterone (T) levels were significantly elevated in women with PCOD compared to those in normal women at all stages of the follicular phase (P less than 0.001). The mean serum LH concentration and LH pulse amplitude were markedly elevated in the women with PCOD compared to normal women at all three stages of the follicular phase (P less than 0.05 or less). In addition, LH pulse frequency was faster in women with PCOD [24.8 +/- 0.9 ( +/- SE) pulses/24 h] than that in women in the EFP (15.6 +/- 0.7; P less than 0.01), MFP (22.2 +/- 1.1; P less than 0.05) and LFP (20.8 +/- 1.2; P less than 0.01). This increased LH pulse frequency in women with PCOD correlated with ambient serum E2 levels on the day of study (r = 0.84; P less than 0.001), but not with serum estrone, T, or unbound T. Repeat studies in four women with PCOD demonstrated a similarly abnormal gonadotropin secretory pattern in each. We conclude that 1) women with PCOD have an increase in both the amplitude and frequency of LH secretion compared to those in normally cycling women throughout the follicular phase; 2) the defect in women with PCOD is reproducible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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            Pituitary stalk portal blood collection in rhesus monkeys: evidence for pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

            P Carmel, Shin-ichi Araki, M Ferin (1976)
            Hypothalamic-pituitary stalk portal blood was collected from 12 female rhesus monkeys. The pituitary stalk was approached transorbitally and cut at the level of the diaphragma sellae under direct visualization. After complete heparinization of the animal, stalk portal blood was obtained continuously, for periods of 30 minutes to 9 hours, using a constant exfusion pump at a rate of 30 to 40 mul/min. The mean GnRH in portal blood, as measured by radioimmunoassay, was 66 +/- 6.6 pg/ml (+/- SE) in 7 ovariectomized animals and 51 +/- 5.3 pg/ml (+/- SE) in 2 monkeys during the early follicular phase. Fluctuations in portal blood GnRH were most prominent in ovariectomized animals, with peak levels of 200-800 pg/ml and intervals of 1 to 3 hours between pulses. Peaks of GnRH during the early follicular phase did not exceed 200 pg/ml. The administration of estradiol (1000 ng, iv) to 3 monkeys did not decrease GnRH levels within the next 2 hours. These data provide direct evidence for a hypothalamic mediation of pituitary LH pulsatile release.
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              Characterization of the physiological pattern of episodic gonadotropin secretion throughout the human menstrual cycle.

              M Filicori, N. Santoro, G Merriam … (1986)
              To characterize the spectrum of pulsatile gonadotropin secretion during the course of the normal menstrual cycle, we studied normal women during 51 ovulatory cycles. Plasma gonadotropin concentrations were measured at 10-min intervals for 20-24 h during the early, mid-, and late follicular phases and the early, mid-, and late luteal phases. LH data series were analyzed using 2 different computer-assisted algorithms for pulse detection. The LH interpulse interval decreased during the follicular phase (FP) from 94 +/- 4 (+/- SEM) min in the early FP (EFP) to 71 +/- 4 min by the late FP (LFP; P less than 0.001). The estimation of LH pulse frequency in the EFP was significantly affected by slowing of episodic LH secretion during sleep. In the luteal phase (LP), the LH interpulse interval progressively increased from 103 +/- 8 min in the early LP (ELP) to 216 +/- 39 min by the late LP (LLP; P less than 0.001). Sleep-associated slowing of episodic LH secretion also occurred in the ELP. The mean LH pulse amplitude in the EFP (6.5 +/- 0.4 mIU/ml) decreased significantly by the midfollicular phase (MFP; 5.1 +/- 0.8 mIU/ml; P less than 0.05) and increased once again by the LFP (7.2 +/- 1.2 mIU/ml). LH pulse amplitude was highest in the ELP (14.9 +/- 1.7 mIU/ml), decreased by the midluteal phase (MLP) to 12.2 +/- 2.0 mIU/ml, and declined further by the LLP to 7.6 +/- 1.1 mIU/ml (P less than 0.001 vs. ELP). FSH secretion was significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated with LH secretion at time lags of 0-10 min in 82% of the studies. These results indicate the following. 1) In the EFP and ELP, the frequency of gonadotropin pulsations is reduced at night in association with sleep. 2) The frequency of LH secretion increases from the EFP to MFP and LFP. 3) LH pulse amplitude decreases in the MFP, suggesting enhanced negative feedback of estrogen on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and/or a decrease in GnRH secretion at this stage. 4) A progressive reduction of LH pulse frequency and amplitude occurs during the LP which is correlated with the duration of exposure of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to progesterone. 5) A close relationship exists between secretion of LH and FSH, suggesting a common stimulatory factor for both gonadotropins.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neuroendocrinology
                Title: Neuroendocrinology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Electronic): 1423-0194
                ISSN (Print): 0028-3835
                Publication date (Electronic): 2008
                Volume: 87
                Issue: 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. 02114 USA.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 000112421
                DOI: 10.1159/000112421
                PubMed ID: 18063854
                SO-VID: a21b4d26-3a55-4654-9028-b3b4425913e9
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