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      Mutations in CPAMD8 Cause a Unique Form of Autosomal-Recessive Anterior Segment Dysgenesis.

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          Abstract

          Anterior segment dysgeneses (ASDs) comprise a spectrum of developmental disorders affecting the anterior segment of the eye. Here, we describe three unrelated families affected by a previously unclassified form of ASD. Shared ocular manifestations include bilateral iris hypoplasia, ectopia lentis, corectopia, ectropion uveae, and cataracts. Whole-exome sequencing and targeted Sanger sequencing identified mutations in CPAMD8 (C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 8) as the cause of recessive ASD in all three families. A homozygous missense mutation in the evolutionarily conserved alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) domain of CPAMD8, c.4351T>C (p. Ser1451Pro), was identified in family 1. In family 2, compound heterozygous frameshift, c.2352_2353insC (p.Arg785Glnfs∗23), and splice-site, c.4549-1G>A, mutations were identified. Two affected siblings in the third family were compound heterozygous for splice-site mutations c.700+1G>T and c.4002+1G>A. CPAMD8 splice-site mutations caused aberrant pre-mRNA splicing in vivo or in vitro. Intriguingly, our phylogenetic analysis revealed rodent lineage-specific CPAMD8 deletion, precluding a developmental expression study in mice. We therefore investigated the spatiotemporal expression of CPAMD8 in the developing human eye. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization revealed CPAMD8 expression in the lens, iris, cornea, and retina early in development, including strong expression in the distal tips of the retinal neuroepithelium that form the iris and ciliary body, thus correlating CPAMD8 expression with the affected tissues. Our study delineates a unique form of recessive ASD and defines a role for CPAMD8, a protein of unknown function, in anterior segment development, implying another pathway for the pathogenicity of ASD.

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          Most cited references50

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          Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses.

          The complement system plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common pathogens. Activation of complement leads to robust and efficient proteolytic cascades, which terminate in opsonization and lysis of the pathogen as well as in the generation of the classical inflammatory response through the production of potent proinflammatory molecules. More recently, however, the role of complement in the immune response has been expanded due to observations that link complement activation to adaptive immune responses. It is now appreciated that complement is a functional bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses that allows an integrated host defense to pathogenic challenges. As such, a study of its functions allows insight into the molecular underpinnings of host-pathogen interactions as well as the organization and orchestration of the host immune response. This review attempts to summarize the roles that complement plays in both innate and adaptive immune responses and the consequences of these interactions on host defense.
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            A robust model for read count data in exome sequencing experiments and implications for copy number variant calling

            Motivation: Exome sequencing has proven to be an effective tool to discover the genetic basis of Mendelian disorders. It is well established that copy number variants (CNVs) contribute to the etiology of these disorders. However, calling CNVs from exome sequence data is challenging. A typical read depth strategy consists of using another sample (or a combination of samples) as a reference to control for the variability at the capture and sequencing steps. However, technical variability between samples complicates the analysis and can create spurious CNV calls. Results: Here, we introduce ExomeDepth, a new CNV calling algorithm designed to control for this technical variability. ExomeDepth uses a robust model for the read count data and uses this model to build an optimized reference set in order to maximize the power to detect CNVs. As a result, ExomeDepth is effective across a wider range of exome datasets than the previously existing tools, even for small (e.g. one to two exons) and heterozygous deletions. We used this new approach to analyse exome data from 24 patients with primary immunodeficiencies. Depending on data quality and the exact target region, we find between 170 and 250 exonic CNV calls per sample. Our analysis identified two novel causative deletions in the genes GATA2 and DOCK8. Availability: The code used in this analysis has been implemented into an R package called ExomeDepth and is available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Contact: v.plagnol@ucl.ac.uk Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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              The human PAX6 gene is mutated in two patients with aniridia.

              Aniridia is an inherited ocular disorder of variable expressivity characterized by iris hypoplasia. A candidate aniridia gene, AN, which is the human homologue of the mouse Pax-6 gene, has recently been isolated by positional cloning from the WAGR region of 11p13. Here we describe mutations in this gene in two cases of sporadic aniridia, one detected at the DNA level and one at the RNA level, both of which are predicted to affect protein function. Mutations in Pax-6 have been described previously in Small eye, the proposed mouse model for aniridia. We present new phenotypic evidence for the validity of this mouse model.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Am. J. Hum. Genet.
                American journal of human genetics
                Elsevier BV
                1537-6605
                0002-9297
                Dec 01 2016
                : 99
                : 6
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
                [2 ] Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
                [3 ] Vitreoretinal Research Group, Cambridge University National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
                [4 ] Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
                [5 ] Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
                [6 ] Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK; Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
                [7 ] Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
                [8 ] Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK.
                [9 ] Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK. Electronic address: a.hardcastle@ucl.ac.uk.
                Article
                S0002-9297(16)30435-9
                10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.09.022
                5142107
                27839872
                d563f491-62c4-412b-9d7f-d15b500e40d2
                History

                eye,iris,lens,A2M/C3,CPAMD8,WES,anterior segment dysgenesis,development
                eye, iris, lens, A2M/C3, CPAMD8, WES, anterior segment dysgenesis, development

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