Situación epidemiológica de la leptospirosis humana en Centroamérica, Suramérica y el Caribe

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Abstract

Para identificar y describir el estado epidemiológico de la leptospirosis humana o enfermedad de Weil, se realizó búsquedas de publicaciones científicas y reportes en entes reguladores de salud, durante el periodo 2006-2013. La extracción de información fue independiente y se realizó una lista de chequeo para evaluar la calidad metodológica de los artículos hallados. El país con mayor prevalencia fue Trinidad & Tobago (22 casos por 100.000 habitantes) y la mayor proporción de casos fue en Guyana (60%). En Colombia, el departamento con mayor proporción de casos fue Antioquia (85,7%) y el de mayor seroprevalencia, Córdoba (67,9%). Para diagnóstico, la técnica más utilizada es la aglutinación microscópica y el posible factor de riesgo es por contacto con animales. La información analizada presentó diversos aspectos epidemiológicos, dificultando su unificación. Para algunos países, es evidente el interés y la concientización académica y gubernamental en el área de salud pública.

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Leptospira and leptospirosis.

Ben Adler, Alejandro de la Peña Moctezuma (2010)

Leptospirosis is the most wide spread zoonosis worldwide; it is present in all continents except Antarctica and evidence for the carriage of Leptospira has been found in virtually all mammalian species examined. Humans most commonly become infected through occupational, recreational, or domestic contact with the urine of carrier animals, either directly or via contaminated water or soil. Leptospires are thin, helical bacteria classified into at least 12 pathogenic and 4 saprophytic species, with more than 250 pathogenic serovars. Immunity following infection is generally, but not exclusively, mediated by antibody against leptospiral LPS and restricted to antigenically related serovars. Vaccines currently available consist of killed whole cell bacterins which are used widely in animals, but less so in humans. Current work with recombinant protein antigens shows promise for the development of vaccines based on defined protective antigens. The cellular and molecular basis for virulence remains poorly understood, but comparative genomics of pathogenic and saprophytic species suggests that Leptospira expresses unique virulence determinants. However, the recent development of defined mutagenesis systems for Leptospira heralds the potential for gaining a much improved understanding of pathogenesis in leptospirosis. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance

Ajay R Bharti, Jarlath E. Nally, Jessica Ricaldi … (2004)

In the past decade, leptospirosis has emerged as a globally important infectious disease. It occurs in urban environments of industrialised and developing countries, as well as in rural regions worldwide. Mortality remains significant, related both to delays in diagnosis due to lack of infrastructure and adequate clinical suspicion, and to other poorly understood reasons that may include inherent pathogenicity of some leptospiral strains or genetically determined host immunopathological responses. Pulmonary haemorrhage is recognised increasingly as a major, often lethal, manifestation of leptospirosis, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. The completion of the genome sequence of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai, and other continuing leptospiral genome sequencing projects, promise to guide future work on the disease. Mainstays of treatment are still tetracyclines and beta-lactam/cephalosporins. No vaccine is available. Prevention is largely dependent on sanitation measures that may be difficult to implement, especially in developing countries.

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Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen.

Albert Ko, Cyrille Goarant, Mathieu Picardeau (2009)

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that has emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality among impoverished populations. One hundred years after the discovery of the causative spirochaetal agent, little is understood about Leptospira spp. pathogenesis, which in turn has hampered the development of new intervention strategies to address this neglected disease. However, the recent availability of complete genome sequences for Leptospira spp. and the discovery of genetic tools for their transformation have led to important insights into the biology of these pathogens and their pathogenesis. We discuss the life cycle of the bacterium, the recent advances in our understanding and the implications for the future prevention of leptospirosis.

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SciELO Colombia ID:: S0122-74832014000300007

DOI:: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC19-3.selh

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Keywords: Human leptospirosis,prevalence,risk factor,diagnosis,Leptospira spp,Colombia,Leptospirosis,humana,prevalência,fator de risco,diagnóstico,Colômbia,Leptospirosis humana,prevalencia,factor de riesgo

Situación epidemiológica de la leptospirosis humana en Centroamérica, Suramérica y el Caribe

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SciELO Colombia

Most cited references 120

Leptospira and leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance

Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen.

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