Dyslipidemia in Iranian overweight and obese children

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Abstract

Objective:

To evaluate the frequency and patterns of dyslipidemia in overweight and obese children and to determine the extent of blood lipid abnormality in overweight and obese children.

Methods:

A prospective matched case control study on 230 overweight and obese children and adolescents (body mass index [BMI] > 85th percentile) aged 4 to 18 years undertaken at the outpatient endocrine clinic of the Childrens’ Hospital at Tabriz University between 2006–2008. This study was conducted to compare the frequency of abnormal plasma lipid levels in overweight and obese children compared with 50 nonobese children (BMI = 50th–85th percentile).

Results:

The total frequency of dyslipidemia was 69.58%. The prevalence of dyslipidemia increased with severity of obesity and reached 76.9% in the severely obese ( P < 0.005). High triglycerides was the most common dyslipidemia in combination (26.08%) and in isolation (18.6%). There was a significant difference in mean of triglycerides between the severely obese and other groups ( P < 0.004).

Conclusion:

In the present study, dyslipidemia is more common in severely obese children and the most common component of dyslipidemia is a high triglyceride level.

Most cited references 22

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High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies.

D Gordon, J L Probstfield, R Garrison … (1989)

The British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) reported in 1986 that much of the inverse relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and incidence of coronary heart disease was eliminated by covariance adjustment. Using the proportional hazards model and adjusting for age, blood pressure, smoking, body mass index, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, we analyzed this relation separately in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Mortality Follow-up Study (LRCF) and Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT), and Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). In CPPT and MRFIT (both randomized trials in middle-age high-risk men), only the control groups were analyzed. A 1-mg/dl (0.026 mM) increment in HDLC was associated with a significant coronary heart disease risk decrement of 2% in men (FHS, CPPT, and MRFIT) and 3% in women (FHS). In LRCF, where only fatal outcomes were documented, a 1-mg/dl increment in HDLC was associated with significant 3.7% (men) and 4.7% (women) decrements in cardiovascular disease mortality rates. The 95% confidence intervals for these decrements in coronary heart and cardiovascular disease risk in the four studies overlapped considerably, and all contained the range 1.9-2.9%. HDLC levels were essentially unrelated to non-cardiovascular disease mortality. When differences in analytic methodology were eliminated, a consistent inverse relation of HDLC levels and coronary heart disease event rates was apparent in BRHS as well as in the four American studies.

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Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study.

Gerald S. Berenson, Sathanur R. Srinivasan, Weihang Bao … (1998)

In adults, cardiovascular risk factors reinforce each other in their effect on cardiovascular events. However, information is scant on the relation of multiple risk factors to the extent of asymptomatic atherosclerosis in young people. We performed autopsies on 204 young persons 2 to 39 years of age, who had died from various causes, principally trauma. Data on antemortem risk factors were available for 93 of these persons, who were the focus of this study. We correlated risk factors with the extent of atherosclerosis in the aorta and coronary arteries. The extent of fatty streaks and fibrous plaques in the aorta and coronary arteries increased with age. The association between fatty streaks and fibrous plaques was much stronger in the coronary arteries (r=0.60, P<0.001) than in the aorta (r=0.23, P=0.03). Among the cardiovascular risk factors, body-mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as a group, were strongly associated with the extent of lesions in the aorta and coronary arteries (canonical correlation [a measure of the association between groups of variables]: r=0.70; P<0.001). In addition, cigarette smoking increased the percentage of the intimal surface involved with fibrous plaques in the aorta (1.22 percent in smokers vs. 0.12 percent in nonsmokers, P=0.02) and fatty streaks in the coronary vessels (8.27 percent vs. 2.89 percent, P=0.04). The effect of multiple risk factors on the extent of atherosclerosis was quite evident. Subjects with 0, 1, 2, and 3 or 4 risk factors had, respectively, 19.1 percent, 30.3 percent, 37.9 percent, and 35.0 percent of the intimal surface covered with fatty streaks in the aorta (P for trend=0.01). The comparable figures for the coronary arteries were 1.3 percent, 2.5 percent, 7.9 percent, and 11.0 percent, respectively, for fatty streaks (P for trend=0.01) and 0.6 percent, 0.7 percent, 2.4 percent, and 7.2 percent for collagenous fibrous plaques (P for trend=0.003). These findings indicate that as the number of cardiovascular risk factors increases, so does the severity of asymptomatic coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in young people.

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Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults.

Eugenia E Calle, Michael Thun, Jennifer M. Petrelli … (1999)

Body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) is known to be associated with overall mortality. We investigated the effects of age, race, sex, smoking status, and history of disease on the relation between body-mass index and mortality. In a prospective study of more than 1 million adults in the United States (457,785 men and 588,369 women), 201,622 deaths occurred during 14 years of follow-up. We examined the relation between body-mass index and the risk of death from all causes in four subgroups categorized according to smoking status and history of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked, we further examined whether the relation varied according to race, cause of death, or age. The relative risk was used to assess the relation between mortality and body-mass index. The association between body-mass index and the risk of death was substantially modified by smoking status and the presence of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked, the nadir of the curve for body-mass index and mortality was found at a body-mass index of 23.5 to 24.9 in men and 22.0 to 23.4 in women. Among subjects with the highest body-mass indexes, white men and women had a relative risk of death of 2.58 and 2.00, respectively, as compared with those with a body-mass index of 23.5 to 24.9. Black men and women with the highest body-mass indexes had much lower risks of death (1.35 and 1.21), which did not differ significantly from 1.00. A high body-mass index was most predictive of death from cardiovascular disease, especially in men (relative risk, 2.90; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.37 to 3.56). Heavier men and women in all age groups had an increased risk of death. The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or other diseases increases throughout the range of moderate and severe overweight for both men and women in all age groups. The risk associated with a high body-mass index is greater for whites than for blacks.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ther Clin Risk Manag

Journal ID (publisher-id): Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management

Title: Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management

Publisher: Dove Medical Press

ISSN (Print): 1176-6336

ISSN (Electronic): 1178-203X

Publication date Collection: 2009

Publication date (Print): 2009

Publication date (Electronic): 24 September 2009

Volume: 5

Pages: 739-743

Affiliations

Department of Pediatrics, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran

Author notes

Correspondence: R Ghergerehchi, Department of Pediatrics, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran, Email ghergherehchir@ 123456yahoo.com

Article

Publisher ID: tcrm-5-739

PMC ID: 2754088

PubMed ID: 19816572

SO-VID: dfdd384a-d400-4a96-b526-aef83febe348

License:

This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.

Dyslipidemia in Iranian overweight and obese children

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Abstract

Objective:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Most cited references 22

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies.

Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study.

Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults.

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