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      Prevalence of patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury and associated risk factors: A systematic review

      , , ,
      Journal of Orthopaedic Translation
      Elsevier BV

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          Abstract

          Background The prevalence of patellofemoral joint (PFJ) osteoarthritis (OA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury was inconsistently reported in the literature. This review summarises the reported prevalence of PFJ OA and risk factors of PFJ OA after ACL injury. Methods PubMed, Embase, WoS, and MEDLINE (OVID) were searched up to 1 March 2019. A modified version of the Coleman methodology score was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Prevalence of PFJ OA was pooled depended on different interventions in ACL injured populations. Results Thirty-eight studies were included. Five different radiographic classification methods were used: the Kellgren and Lawrence Grade 2, IKDC Grade B, Fairbank Grade 1, joint space narrowing of Grade 2 based on OARSI, and Ahlbäck Grade 1. One included study used MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score to evaluate PFJ degenerative changes. The overall prevalence of PFJ OA after ACL injury in included studies varied between 4.5% and 80%. The large variation of PFJ OA prevalence is mainly because of different follow-up period and surgical techniques. The pooled data showed that bone-patellar tendon-bone graft, single-bundle ACL reconstruction (ACLR), and delayed ACLR are likely associated with PFJ degenerative changes after ACL injury. ACLR, delayed ACLR, body mass index (BMI), meniscectomy, patellofemoral chondral lesions, age at surgery, and TFJ OA were identified in the literature inducing PFJ OA after ACL injury. Conclusions Large variations of PFJ OA after ACL injury are associated with different follow-up period and surgical techniques. ACL reconstructed population with bone-patellar tendon-bone graft, single-bundle reconstruction, and delayed operation time has a high prevalence of PFJ OA. The translational potential of this article This review focuses more on the effect of surgical technique factors on the degenerative changes on PFJ. The results reveal that BPTB, single-bundle reconstruction, and delayed ACLR are more likely associated with PFJ degenerative changes after ACL injury. These findings imply that awareness of PFJ problems after surgical intervention will remind of surgeons taking PFJ into consideration in operations, which is likely to reduce the incidences of anterior knee pain, patellar maltracking, and over-constrained patella in the early stage after surgery.

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          Knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury: a systematic review.

          This is a systematic review of studies on the prevalence of osteoarthritis in the tibiofemoral joint more than 10 years after an anterior cruciate ligament injury, the radiologic classification methods used, and risk factors for development of knee osteoarthritis. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and AMED. Inclusion criteria were studies involving patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury, either isolated or combined with medial collateral ligament or meniscal injury and either surgically or nonsurgically treated, and a minimum 10-year follow-up with radiologic assessment. Methodological quality was evaluated using a modified version of the Coleman methodology score. Seven prospective and 24 retrospective studies were included. The mean modified Coleman methodology score was 52 of 90. Reported prevalence of knee osteoarthritis for subjects with isolated anterior cruciate ligament injury was between 0% and 13%. For subjects with anterior cruciate ligament and additional meniscal injury, the prevalence varied between 21% and 48%. Seven different radiologic classification systems were used in the studies. Only 3 studies reported reliability results for the radiologic assessments. The most frequently reported risk factor for development of knee osteoarthritis was meniscal injury. This systematic review suggests that the prevalence rates of knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction reported by previous reviews have been too high. The highest rated studies reported low prevalence of knee osteoarthritis for individuals with isolated anterior cruciate ligament injury (0%-13%) and a higher prevalence of knee osteoarthritis for subjects with combined injuries (21%-48%). Overall, the modified Coleman methodology score was low for the included studies. No universal methodological radiologic classification method exists, making comparisons of the studies and stating firm conclusions on the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis more than 10 years after anterior cruciate ligament injury difficult.
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            Increased risk of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 14-year follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial.

            The reported prevalence of radiological osteoarthritis (OA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction varies from 10% to 90%. Purpose/
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              Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis.

              Radiographs of the hand, hip and knee were screened for evidence of osteoarthritis (OA). Specific sites selected for screening on the postero-anterior radiographs of the hand included the base of the thumb with distal and proximal interphalangeal joints; these regions were examined for formation of marginal osteophytes, joint space narrowing and subchondral lucency. Sites selected from antero-posterior radiographs of the hip included the acetabular and femoral portions of the joint; these regions were examined for joint space narrowing, subchondral lucency, marginal osteophytes and subchondral sclerosis. Sites selected from antero-posterior weight-bearing radiographs of the knee included distal femora and proximal tibiae including the medial and lateral compartments; these regions were examined for joint space narrowing, marginal osteophytes and subchondral sclerosis. Sites selected from axial views of the patellofemoral joint examined the medial and lateral portions; these regions were examined for joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subluxations and subchondral sclerosis. A set of photographic prints was made from the collection of radiographs. These specific features of OA were graded on each print and a subset of prints was selected that best demonstrated the spectrum of severity for each feature of OA. This resultant atlas is offered as an updated guide to standardize interpretation of radiographs prior to and during clinical trials.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Orthopaedic Translation
                Journal of Orthopaedic Translation
                Elsevier BV
                2214031X
                August 2019
                August 2019
                Article
                10.1016/j.jot.2019.07.004
                2e6b7971-d555-4c68-8151-35d4dca0974a
                © 2019

                https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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