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      Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence.

      Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
      Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antibodies, Viral, blood, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health, Hepacivirus, immunology, Hepatitis C, epidemiology, prevention & control, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Viral Vaccines, therapeutic use, Young Adult

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          Abstract

          In efforts to inform public health decision makers, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 (GBD2010) Study aims to estimate the burden of disease using available parameters. This study was conducted to collect and analyze available prevalence data to be used for estimating the hepatitis C virus (HCV) burden of disease. In this systematic review, antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) seroprevalence data from 232 articles were pooled to estimate age-specific seroprevalence curves in 1990 and 2005, and to produce age-standardized prevalence estimates for each of 21 GBD regions using a model-based meta-analysis. This review finds that globally the prevalence and number of people with anti-HCV has increased from 2.3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 2.1%-2.5%) to 2.8% (95% UI: 2.6%-3.1%) and >122 million to >185 million between 1990 and 2005. Central and East Asia and North Africa/Middle East are estimated to have high prevalence (>3.5%); South and Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Andean, Central, and Southern Latin America, Caribbean, Oceania, Australasia, and Central, Eastern, and Western Europe have moderate prevalence (1.5%-3.5%); whereas Asia Pacific, Tropical Latin America, and North America have low prevalence (<1.5%). The high prevalence of global HCV infection necessitates renewed efforts in primary prevention, including vaccine development, as well as new approaches to secondary and tertiary prevention to reduce the burden of chronic liver disease and to improve survival for those who already have evidence of liver disease. Copyright © 2012 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

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          The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002.

          Defining the primary characteristics of persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) enables physicians to more easily identify persons who are most likely to benefit from testing for the disease. To describe the HCV-infected population in the United States. Nationally representative household survey. U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population. 15,079 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2002. All participants provided medical histories, and those who were 20 to 59 years of age provided histories of drug use and sexual practices. Participants were tested for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA, and their serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured. The prevalence of anti-HCV in the United States was 1.6% (95% CI, 1.3% to 1.9%), equating to an estimated 4.1 million (CI, 3.4 million to 4.9 million) anti-HCV-positive persons nationwide; 1.3% or 3.2 million (CI, 2.7 million to 3.9 million) persons had chronic HCV infection. Peak prevalence of anti-HCV (4.3%) was observed among persons 40 to 49 years of age. A total of 48.4% of anti-HCV-positive persons between 20 and 59 years of age reported a history of injection drug use, the strongest risk factor for HCV infection. Of all persons reporting such a history, 83.3% had not used injection drugs for at least 1 year before the survey. Other significant risk factors included 20 or more lifetime sex partners and blood transfusion before 1992. Abnormal serum ALT levels were found in 58.7% of HCV RNA-positive persons. Three characteristics (abnormal serum ALT level, any history of injection drug use, and history of blood transfusion before 1992) identified 85.1% of HCV RNA-positive participants between 20 and 59 years of age. Incarcerated and homeless persons were not included in the survey. Many Americans are infected with HCV. Most were born between 1945 and 1964 and can be identified with current screening criteria. History of injection drug use is the strongest risk factor for infection.
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            Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence by age and world region, 1990 and 2005.

            To estimate current age-specific rates of immunity to hepatitis A virus (HAV) in world regions by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data. The estimation of the global burden of hepatitis A and policies for public health control are dependent on an understanding of the changing epidemiology of this viral infection. Age-specific IgG anti-HAV seroprevalence data from more than 500 published articles were pooled and used to fit estimated age-seroprevalence curves in 1990 and 2005 for each of 21 world regions (as defined by the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study). High-income regions (Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore) have very low HAV endemicity levels and a high proportion of susceptible adults, low-income regions (sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia) have high endemicity levels and almost no susceptible adolescents and adults, and most middle-income regions have a mix of intermediate and low endemicity levels. Anti-HAV prevalence estimates in this analysis suggest that middle-income regions in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East currently have an intermediate or low level of endemicity. The countries in these regions may have an increasing burden of disease from hepatitis A, and may benefit from new or expanded vaccination programs. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

              To gain a clearer understanding of the rate of progression to cirrhosis and its determinants in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a systematic review of published epidemiologic studies that incorporated assessment for cirrhosis has been undertaken. Inclusion criteria were more than 20 cases of chronic HCV infection, and information on either age of subjects or duration of infection. Of 145 studies examined, 57 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Least-squares linear regression was employed to estimate rates of progression to cirrhosis, and to examine for factors associated with more rapid disease progression in 4 broad study categories: 1) liver clinic series (number of studies = 33); 2) posttransfusion cohorts (n = 5); 3) blood donor series (n = 10); and 4) community-based cohorts (n = 9). Estimates of progression to cirrhosis after 20 years of chronic HCV infection were 22% (95% CI, 18%-26%) for liver clinic series, 24% (11%-37%) for posttransfusion cohorts, 4% (1%-7%) for blood donor series, and 7% (4%-10%) for community-based cohorts. Factors that were associated with more rapid disease progression included older age at HCV infection, male gender, and heavy alcohol intake. Even after accounting for these factors, progression estimates were much higher for cross-sectional liver clinic series. Selection biases probably explain the higher estimates of disease progression in this group of studies. Community-based cohort studies are likely to provide a more representative basis for estimating disease progression at a population level. These suggest that for persons who acquire HCV infection in young adulthood, less than 10% are estimated to develop cirrhosis within 20 years.
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