Children’s lying behaviour in interactions with personified robots

This study investigates how young children between 4 - 6 years old interact with personified robots during a lying situation. To achieve this, a temptation resistance paradigm was used, in which children were instructed to not look at a toy (behind their back) while the instructor (a robot dog, a humanoid or a human) left the room. Results revealed that regardless of the type of communication partner, children’s peeking behaviour was similar across the 3 conditions, while there was a tendency of lying more towards the robots. The majority of the children (98%) showed semantic leakage while telling a lie, and most of them (89%) lied and denied their peeking behaviour. Additionally, children generally gave more verbal responses to the robot dog and to the humanoid in comparison with the interaction with the human. Furthermore, the mean pitch of children differed between the robot conditions, i.e. the mean pitch was significantly lower in the robot dog condition in comparison with the humanoid condition. Finally, facial expression analysis showed that children generally appeared happier when they were interacting to the robot dog compared to the humanoid or human.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Mariana Serras Pereira

Yoeri Nijs

Suleman Shahid

Marc Swerts

Conference

Publication date: July 2016

Publication date (Print): July 2016

Pages: 1-10

Affiliations

[0001]Tilburg center for Cognition and Communication, Tilburg University

Tilburg University, School of Humanities, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2016.28

SO-VID: 96131dc3-5072-4cb0-a6b4-947755efe3af

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: Proceedings of the 30th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: HCI

Conference number: 30

Conference location: Bournemouth University, Poole, UK

Conference date: 11 - 15 July 2016

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: Fusion

History

Product

1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2016.28

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

C.L. BethelM.R. StevensonB. Scassellati 2011 Secret-sharing: Interactions between a child, robot, and adult Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 2489 2494
C.F. BondB.M. Depaulo 2006 Accuracy of Deception Judgements Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 3 214 234
X.P. Ding et al 2013 Neural correlates of spontaneous deception: A functional nearinfrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)study Neuropsychologia 51 4 704 712
T.W. DraperW.W. Clayton 1992 Using a personal robot to teach young children The Journal of genetic psychology 153 3 269 73
N.D. Duran et al 2013 Exploring the movement dynamics of deception Frontiers in psychology 4 140
N.M. Eapen et al 2010 The Bodily Movements of Liars 33rd Annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society
R. S. EdelsteinT. L. LutenP. EkmanG.S. Goodman 2006 Detecting lies in children and adults. Law and Human Behavior 30 1 1 10 Law and Human Behavior 30 1 1 10
R.S. FeldmanL. JenkinsO. Popoola 1979 Detection of deception in adults and children via facial expression Child Development 50 350 355
J.L. JipsonS.A. Gelman 2007 Robots and rodents: Children’s inferences about living and nonliving kinds Child Development 78 6 1675 1688
P.H. Kahn Jr. et al 2006 Robotic pets in the lives of preschool children Interaction Studies 7 405 436
F.A. Kozel et al 2005 Detecting deception using functional magnetic resonance imaging Biological psychiatry 58 8 605 13
M. LewisC. StangerM.W. Sullivan 1989 Deception in 3-year-olds Developmental Psychology 25 3 439 443
G. Littlewort et al 2011 The computer expression recognition toolbox (CERT) Face and Gesture 2011 298 305
A. McCarthyK. Lee 2009 Children’s knowledge of deceptive gaze cues and its relation to their actual lying behavior Journal of experimental child psychology, 103 2 117 34
G.F. Melson et al 2009 Implications for the human - Animal bond and for human relationships with personified technologies Journal of Social Issues 65 3 545 567
G.F. Melson et al 2005 Robots as dogs? Children’s interactions with the robotic dog AIBO and a live australian shepherd Computer-Human Interaction (CHI) Conference 2005 1649 1652
P. NewtonV. ReddyR. Bull 2000 Children’s everyday deception and performance on false-belief tasks British Journal of Developmental Psychology 18 2 297 317
M. ScaifeM. van Duuren 1995 Do computers have brains? What children believe about intelligent artifacts British Journal of Developmental Psychology 13 4 367 377
M. Serras Pereira et al 2014 Are You Lying to Me ? Exploring Children ’ s Nonverbal Cues to Deception 36th Annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2901 2906
R.L. SeversonS.M. Carlson 2010 Behaving as or behaving as if? Children’s conceptions of personified robots and the emergence of a new ontological category Neural Networks 23 8-9 1099 1103
M. SiegalC.C. Peterson 1998 Preschoolers’ understanding of lies and innocent and negligent mistakes Developmental Psychology 34 2 332 341
C.M. Stanton et al 2008 Robotic animals might aid in the social development of children with autism HRI ’08: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction 271 278
V. TalwarA. Crossman 2011 From little white liars to filthy liars: The evolution of honesty and deception in young children 1st Elsevier Inc
V. TalwarA.M. Crossman 2012 Children’s lies and their detection: Implications for child witness testimony Developmental Review 32 4 337 359
V. TalwarH.M. GordonL. Kang 2007 Lying in the Elementary School Years: Verbal Deception and Its Relation to Second-Order Belief Understanding Victoria 43 3 804 810
V. TalwarK. Lee 2002a Development of lying to conceal a transgression: Children’s control of expressive behaviour during verbal deception International Journal of Behavioral Development 26 5 436 444
V. TalwarK. Lee 2002b Emergence of White-Lie Telling in Children Between 3 and 7 Years of Age Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 48 2 160 181
F. TanakaA. CicourelJ.R. Movellan 2007 Socialization between toddlers and robots at an early childhood education center Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 46 17954 17958
A.E. Van’t Veer et al 2014 Registered report: Measuring unconscious deception detection by skin temperature Frontiers in Psychology 5 May 1 9
A. Vrij et al 2004 Detecting Deceit Via Analyses of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in Children and Adults Human Communication Research 30 1 8 41
J.T. WangM. SpezioC.F. Camerer 2010 Pinocchio ’ s Pupil : Using Eyetracking and Pupil Dilation To Understand Truth-telling and Deception in Games The American Economic Review 3 984 1007
J. WestlundC. Breazeal 2015 Deception, Secrets, Children, and Robots: What’s Acceptable? Retrieved http://www.openroboethics.org/hri15/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Mf-Westlund.pdf
J. WestlundC. Breazeal 2015 The interplay of robot language level with children’s language learning during storytelling Proceedings of the 2015 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] C.L. BethelM.R. StevensonB. Scassellati 2011 Secret-sharing: Interactions between a child, robot, and adult Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 2489 2494

[2] C.F. BondB.M. Depaulo 2006 Accuracy of Deception Judgements Personality and Social Psychology Review 10 3 214 234

[3] X.P. Ding et al 2013 Neural correlates of spontaneous deception: A functional nearinfrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)study Neuropsychologia 51 4 704 712

[4] T.W. DraperW.W. Clayton 1992 Using a personal robot to teach young children The Journal of genetic psychology 153 3 269 73

[5] N.D. Duran et al 2013 Exploring the movement dynamics of deception Frontiers in psychology 4 140

[6] N.M. Eapen et al 2010 The Bodily Movements of Liars 33rd Annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society

[7] R. S. EdelsteinT. L. LutenP. EkmanG.S. Goodman 2006 Detecting lies in children and adults. Law and Human Behavior 30 1 1 10 Law and Human Behavior 30 1 1 10

[8] R.S. FeldmanL. JenkinsO. Popoola 1979 Detection of deception in adults and children via facial expression Child Development 50 350 355

[9] J.L. JipsonS.A. Gelman 2007 Robots and rodents: Children’s inferences about living and nonliving kinds Child Development 78 6 1675 1688

[10] P.H. Kahn Jr. et al 2006 Robotic pets in the lives of preschool children Interaction Studies 7 405 436

[11] F.A. Kozel et al 2005 Detecting deception using functional magnetic resonance imaging Biological psychiatry 58 8 605 13

[12] M. LewisC. StangerM.W. Sullivan 1989 Deception in 3-year-olds Developmental Psychology 25 3 439 443

[13] G. Littlewort et al 2011 The computer expression recognition toolbox (CERT) Face and Gesture 2011 298 305

[14] A. McCarthyK. Lee 2009 Children’s knowledge of deceptive gaze cues and its relation to their actual lying behavior Journal of experimental child psychology, 103 2 117 34

[15] G.F. Melson et al 2009 Implications for the human - Animal bond and for human relationships with personified technologies Journal of Social Issues 65 3 545 567

[16] G.F. Melson et al 2005 Robots as dogs? Children’s interactions with the robotic dog AIBO and a live australian shepherd Computer-Human Interaction (CHI) Conference 2005 1649 1652

[17] P. NewtonV. ReddyR. Bull 2000 Children’s everyday deception and performance on false-belief tasks British Journal of Developmental Psychology 18 2 297 317

[18] M. ScaifeM. van Duuren 1995 Do computers have brains? What children believe about intelligent artifacts British Journal of Developmental Psychology 13 4 367 377

[19] M. Serras Pereira et al 2014 Are You Lying to Me ? Exploring Children ’ s Nonverbal Cues to Deception 36th Annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2901 2906

[20] R.L. SeversonS.M. Carlson 2010 Behaving as or behaving as if? Children’s conceptions of personified robots and the emergence of a new ontological category Neural Networks 23 8-9 1099 1103

[21] M. SiegalC.C. Peterson 1998 Preschoolers’ understanding of lies and innocent and negligent mistakes Developmental Psychology 34 2 332 341

[22] C.M. Stanton et al 2008 Robotic animals might aid in the social development of children with autism HRI ’08: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction 271 278

[23] V. TalwarA. Crossman 2011 From little white liars to filthy liars: The evolution of honesty and deception in young children 1st Elsevier Inc

[24] V. TalwarA.M. Crossman 2012 Children’s lies and their detection: Implications for child witness testimony Developmental Review 32 4 337 359

[25] V. TalwarH.M. GordonL. Kang 2007 Lying in the Elementary School Years: Verbal Deception and Its Relation to Second-Order Belief Understanding Victoria 43 3 804 810

[26] V. TalwarK. Lee 2002a Development of lying to conceal a transgression: Children’s control of expressive behaviour during verbal deception International Journal of Behavioral Development 26 5 436 444

[27] V. TalwarK. Lee 2002b Emergence of White-Lie Telling in Children Between 3 and 7 Years of Age Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 48 2 160 181

[28] F. TanakaA. CicourelJ.R. Movellan 2007 Socialization between toddlers and robots at an early childhood education center Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 46 17954 17958

[29] A.E. Van’t Veer et al 2014 Registered report: Measuring unconscious deception detection by skin temperature Frontiers in Psychology 5 May 1 9

[30] A. Vrij et al 2004 Detecting Deceit Via Analyses of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in Children and Adults Human Communication Research 30 1 8 41

[31] J.T. WangM. SpezioC.F. Camerer 2010 Pinocchio ’ s Pupil : Using Eyetracking and Pupil Dilation To Understand Truth-telling and Deception in Games The American Economic Review 3 984 1007

[32] J. WestlundC. Breazeal 2015 Deception, Secrets, Children, and Robots: What’s Acceptable? Retrieved http://www.openroboethics.org/hri15/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Mf-Westlund.pdf

[33] J. WestlundC. Breazeal 2015 The interplay of robot language level with children’s language learning during storytelling Proceedings of the 2015 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction

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